“I think that’s all a lie…I think It’s genocide”: Applying a Critical Race Praxis to Youth Perceptions of Flint Water Contamination

Muhammad, Michael; Loney, E. Hill De; Brooks, Cassandra L.; Assari, Shervin; Robinson, DeWaun; Caldwell, Cleopatra Howard

doi:10.18865/ed.28.s1.241

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…We see race as a political and social rather than a biological construct [92]. Social stratification by race is shaped by history, politics, and laws [93,94]. Through political power, race is a strong proxy of access to the societal resources and opportunities [92].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unequal Protective Effects of Parental Educational Attainment on the Body Mass Index of Black and White Youth

Assari

Boyce

Bazargan

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Background: Parental educational attainment is shown to be protective against health problems; the Minorities’ Diminished Returns theory, however, posits that these protective effects tend to be smaller for socially marginalized groups particularly blacks than whites. Aims: To explore racial differences in the effect of parental educational attainment on body mass index (BMI) in a national sample of US adolescents. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we used baseline data of 10,701 (8678 white and 2023 black) 12–17 years old adolescents in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH; 2013). Parental educational attainment was the predictor. Youth BMI (based on self-reported weight and height) was the dependent variable. Age, gender, ethnicity, and family structure were covariates. Race was the focal moderator. Results: Overall, higher parental educational attainment was associated with lower youth BMI. Race, however, moderated the effect of parental educational attainment on BMI, suggesting that the protective effect of parental educational attainment on BMI is significantly smaller for black than white youth. Conclusions: In the United States, race alters the health gains that are expected to follow parental educational attainment. While white youth who are from highly educated families are fit, black youth have high BMI at all levels of parental educational attainment. This means, while the most socially privileged group, whites, gain the most health from their parental education, blacks, the least privileged group, gain the least. Economic, social, public, and health policymakers should be aware that health disparities are not all due to lower socioeconomic status (SES) of the disadvantaged group but also diminished returns of SES resources for them. Black–white health disparities exist across all high socioeconomic status (SES) levels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unequal Protective Effects of Parental Educational Attainment on the Body Mass Index of Black and White Youth

Assari

Boyce

Bazargan

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…The Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP), based on Critical Race Theory (Richard Delgado 2016) provides a standardized framework to investigate these traffic stop dynamics Airhihenbuwa 2018, 2010) and critique conventional frameworks (Muhammad et al 2018). PHCRP principles explicitly acknowledge the social construction of knowledge, structural determinism, critical analysis, and disciplinary self-critique (Ford and Airhihenbuwa 2010).…”

Section: Law Enforcement Discretion Priorities and Disparitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Authors have recently advocated for synthetic control's utility to epidemiology (Rehkopf and Basu 2018) and it has been used specifically in assessing policy effects in both justice (Gius 2019;Muhammad et al 2018) and public health (Abadie et al 2010) contexts. In contrast to difference-in-difference (DiD) modeling, which can be conceived of a special case of synthetic control (Xu 2017), the synthetic control techniques compare measures from one or more intervention units over time (in this case, Fayetteville Police Department is the single unit) against measures derived from the weighted combination of 1 or more units from a pool of control units (Abadie et al 2010).…”

Section: Synthetic Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re-prioritizing traffic stops to reduce motor vehicle crash outcomes and racial disparities

et al. 2020

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Background: Law enforcement traffic stops are one of the most common entryways to the US justice system. Conventional frameworks suggest traffic stops promote public safety by reducing dangerous driving practices and non-vehicular crime. Law enforcement agencies have wide latitude in enforcement, including prioritization of stop types: (1) safety (e.g. moving violation) stops, (2) investigatory stops, or (3) economic (regulatory and equipment) stops. In order to prevent traffic crash fatalities and reduce racial disparities, the police department of Fayetteville, North Carolina significantly re-prioritized safety stops. Methods: Annual traffic stop, motor vehicle crash, and crime data from 2002 to 2016 were combined to examine intervention (2013-2016) effects. Fayetteville was compared against synthetic control agencies built from 8 similar North Carolina agencies by weighted matching on pre-intervention period trends and comparison against postintervention trends. Results: On average over the intervention period as compared to synthetic controls, Fayetteville increased both the number of safety stops + 121% (95% confidence interval + 17%, + 318%) and the relative proportion of safety stops (+ 47%). Traffic crash and injury outcomes were reduced, including traffic fatalities − 28% (− 64%, + 43%), injurious crashes − 23% (− 49%, + 16%), and total crashes − 13% (− 48%, + 21%). Disparity measures were reduced, including Black percent of traffic stops − 7% (− 9%, − 5%) and Black vs. White traffic stop rate ratio − 21% (− 29%, − 13%). In contrast to the Ferguson Effect hypothesis, the relative de-prioritization of investigatory stops was not associated with an increase in non-traffic crime outcomes, which were reduced or unchanged, including index crimes − 10% (− 25%, + 8%) and violent crimes − 2% (− 33%, + 43%). Confidence intervals were estimated using a different technique and, given small samples, may be asymmetrical. Conclusions: The re-prioritization of traffic stop types by law enforcement agencies may have positive public health consequences both for motor vehicle injury and racial disparity outcomes while having little impact on nontraffic crime.

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“…As the authors conclude, this way of thinking helps to maintain the racial status quo and may preclude efforts to promote health equity. Muhammad and colleagues, 12 on the other hand, using community forums of mostly Black adolescents aged 13 to 17 years in Flint, aimed to understand how participants conceptualize, interpret and respond to the racism they perceive as part of the administrative process that led to the Flint water contamination. The youth clearly connected the racial composition of the city (ie, a Black city) and its historical and persistent racial stratification with the water contamination crisis, seeing it as a type of genocide targeting Blacks.…”

Section: Applying Critical Race Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Editorial: Critical Race Theory: Why Should We Care about Applying It in our Research?

Borrell

2018

Ethn Dis

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“I think that’s all a lie…I think It’s genocide”: Applying a Critical Race Praxis to Youth Perceptions of Flint Water Contamination

Cited by 27 publications

References 15 publications

Unequal Protective Effects of Parental Educational Attainment on the Body Mass Index of Black and White Youth

Unequal Protective Effects of Parental Educational Attainment on the Body Mass Index of Black and White Youth

Re-prioritizing traffic stops to reduce motor vehicle crash outcomes and racial disparities

Editorial: Critical Race Theory: Why Should We Care about Applying It in our Research?

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