<i>trans</i>-Cinnamic Acid Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles as Potent Therapeutics against Brain-Eating Amoeba <i>Naegleria fowleri</i>

Rajendran, Kavitha; Anwar, Ayaz; Khan, Naveed Ahmed; Shah, Muhammad Raza; Siddiqui, Ruqaiyyah

doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00111

Cited by 32 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…As for the controls, the amoebae were incubated with Amphotericin B at 10 μM for the positive control; the 0.5% ethanol aqueous solution was used as solvent control, while untreated amoebae were considered as the negative control. 15 The Trypan blue exclusion staining as described in the Methods section was used to determine the number of viable cells. Viable cells were nonstained, while dead cells were stained blue.…”

Section: ■ Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oleic Acid Coated Silver Nanoparticles Showed Better in Vitro Amoebicidal Effects against Naegleria fowleri than Amphotericin B

Rajendran

Anwar

Khan

et al. 2019

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

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Naegleria fowleri (N. fowleri) causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) which almost always results in death. N. fowleri is also known as “brain-eating amoeba” due to its literal infestation of the brain leading to an inflammatory response in the brain tissues. Currently, there is no single drug that is available to treat PAM, and most treatments are combinations of antifungal, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Recently nanotechnology has gained attention in chemotherapeutic research converging on drug delivery, while oleic acid (OA) has shown positive effects on the human immune system and inflammatory processes. In continuation of our recent research in which we reported the effects of oleic acid conjugated with silver nanoparticles (OA-AgNPs) against free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii, in this report, we show their antiamoebic effects against N. fowleri. OA alone and its nanoconjugates were tested against the amoeba by using amoebicidal and host cell cytopathogenicity assays. Trypan blue exclusion assay was used to determine cell viability. The results revealed that OA-AgNPs exhibited significantly enhanced antiamoebic effects (P < 0.05) against N. fowleri as compared to OA alone. Evidently, lactate dehydrogenase release shows reduced N. fowleri-mediated host cell cytotoxicity. Based on our study, we anticipate that further studies on OA-AgNPs could potentially provide an alternative treatment of PAM.

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Section: ■ Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oleic Acid Coated Silver Nanoparticles Showed Better in Vitro Amoebicidal Effects against Naegleria fowleri than Amphotericin B

Rajendran

Anwar

Khan

et al. 2019

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

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“…Amoebicidal and cytopathogenicity assays demonstrated anti-amoebic properties. Cinnamic acid exhibited low toxicity because of its plant origin compared to other biologically derived compounds [23]. Another current study showed that the AuNPs prevented HSV-1 infection by crossing BBB.…”

Section: Metal Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 58%

Progress in the Application of Nanoparticles and Graphene as Drug Carriers and on the Diagnosis of Brain Infections

et al. 2021

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The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is the protective sheath around the brain that protects the sensitive microenvironments of the brain. However, certain pathogens, viruses, and bacteria disrupt the endothelial barrier and cause infection and hence inflammation in meninges. Macromolecular therapeutics are unable to cross the tight junctions, thereby limiting their bioavailability in the brain. Recently, nanotechnology has brought a revolution in the field of drug delivery in brain infections. The nanostructures have high targeting accuracy and specificity to the receptors in the case of active targeting, which have made them the ideal cargoes to permeate across the BBB. In addition, nanomaterials with biomimetic functions have been introduced to efficiently cross the BBB to be engulfed by the pathogens. This review focuses on the nanotechnology-based drug delivery approaches for exploration in brain infections, including meningitis. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, or, rarely, protozoa or parasites may be the cause of brain infections. Moreover, inflammation of the meninges, called meningitis, is presently diagnosed using laboratory and imaging tests. Despite attempts to improve diagnostic instruments for brain infections and meningitis, due to its complicated and multidimensional nature and lack of successful diagnosis, meningitis appears almost untreatable. Potential for overcoming the difficulties and limitations related to conventional diagnostics has been shown by nanoparticles (NPs). Nanomedicine now offers new methods and perspectives to improve our knowledge of meningitis and can potentially give meningitis patients new hope. Here, we review traditional diagnosis tools and key nanoparticles (Au-NPs, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), QDs, etc.) for early diagnosis of brain infections and meningitis.

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“…CA-AuNp showed similar activity to AmB, which reduced the numbers of the amoeba to 1.6 × 10 5 . CA-AuNp showed no cytotoxicity towards Henrietta Lacks cervical cancer cells (HeLa) [ 86 ].…”

Section: Potential Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis by Naegleria fowleri: Pathogenesis and Treatments

Güémez

García

2021

Biomolecules

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Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba (FLA) that is commonly known as the “brain-eating amoeba.” This parasite can invade the central nervous system (CNS), causing an acute and fulminating infection known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Even though PAM is characterized by low morbidity, it has shown a mortality rate of 98%, usually causing death in less than two weeks after the initial exposure. This review summarizes the most recent information about N. fowleri, its pathogenic molecular mechanisms, and the neuropathological processes implicated. Additionally, this review includes the main therapeutic strategies described in case reports and preclinical studies, including the possible use of immunomodulatory agents to decrease neurological damage.

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trans-Cinnamic Acid Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles as Potent Therapeutics against Brain-Eating Amoeba Naegleria fowleri

Cited by 32 publications

References 20 publications

Oleic Acid Coated Silver Nanoparticles Showed Better in Vitro Amoebicidal Effects against Naegleria fowleri than Amphotericin B

Oleic Acid Coated Silver Nanoparticles Showed Better in Vitro Amoebicidal Effects against Naegleria fowleri than Amphotericin B

Progress in the Application of Nanoparticles and Graphene as Drug Carriers and on the Diagnosis of Brain Infections

Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis by Naegleria fowleri: Pathogenesis and Treatments

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