The sperm-activating and -attracting factor released from the eggs of the ascidians Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi requires extracellular Ca 2؉ for activating sperm motility and eliciting chemotactic behavior of the activated sperm toward the egg. Here, we show that modulators of the store-operated Ca 2؉ channel, SK&F96365, Ni 2؉ , 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane, and thapsigargin inhibit the chemotactic behavior of the ascidian sperm; on the other hand, blockers of voltage-dependent Ca 2؉ channels did not inhibit the chemotaxis, even though they inhibited the sperm activation operated by voltage-dependent Ca 2؉ channels. The blockers of store-operated Ca 2؉ channels also inhibited the asymmetrical flagellar beating and turning movements of the ascidian sperm, which are typical signs of sperm chemotaxis. Depletion of internal Ca 2؉ stores by thapsigargin induced capacitative Ca 2؉ entry into the sperm, which was blocked by SK&F96365. These results suggest that the intracellular Ca 2؉ concentration increase through the store-operated Ca 2؉ channels induces asymmetrical flagellar movements to establish the chemotactic behavior of the sperm. I t is now well known that many cells, e.g., leukocytes, starved amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum, bacteria, and migrating axon cells during development, can detect an extracellular chemical gradient and migrate toward the source of the chemicals, that is, exhibit chemotactic behavior. There is a variety of factors inducing chemotaxis of cells, e.g., food, pathogens, partner cells, etc., and chemotactic behavior of cells is one of the important communication systems between separated cells. Chemotactic behavior of the sperm toward an egg during fertilization in animal species is a typical case, first reported in hydrozoans (1). This phenomenon is now widely known to occur, from sponges to humans (2-4), and much effort has been devoted to clarifying the mechanisms underlying sperm chemotaxis.Extracellular Ca 2ϩ is generally accepted as being an important factor in the induction of chemotactic behavior of sperm in many plant and animal species (5-8). In the case of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, a peptide named resact in the jelly layer of the egg has been shown to have sperm-activating and -attracting activities (7). The peptide increases the intracellular Ca 2ϩ concentration ([Ca 2ϩ ] i ) via cAMP-gated Ca 2ϩ channels (9, 10), which, in turn, induces asymmetrical flagellum movements (5, 11, 12) that result in reorientation of the sperm swimming direction (13). The role of extracellular Ca 2ϩ -induced asymmetrical flagellar movement in inducing sperm chemotaxis has also been reported in hydrozoan species (14). Ascidian sperm chemotactic behavior is also characterized by abrupt turning movements of the sperm (15, 16). Furthermore, it has been shown that the sperm-attracting activity in the ascidians Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi does not originate from the overall surface of the egg coats, such as follicle cells, but from the vegetal pole of the egg (17). We al...