Trapa bispinosaRoxb.: A Review on Nutritional and Pharmacological Aspects

Abstract

Trapa bispinosa Roxb. which belongs to the family Trapaceae is a small herb well known for its medicinal properties and is widely used worldwide. Trapa bispinosa or Trapa natans is an important plant of Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine which is used in the problems of stomach, genitourinary system, liver, kidney, and spleen. It is bitter, astringent, stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge, and antiseptic. The whole plant is used in gonorrhea, menorrhagia, and other genital affections. It is useful in diarrhea, dysentery, ophthalmopathy, ulcers, and wounds. These are used in the validated conditions in pitta, burning sensation, dipsia, dyspepsia, hemorrhage, hemoptysis, diarrhea, dysentery, strangely, intermittent fever, leprosy, fatigue, inflammation, urethrorrhea, fractures, erysipelas, lumbago, pharyngitis, bronchitis and general debility, and suppressing stomach and heart burning. Maybe it is due to photochemical content of Trapa bispinosa having high quantity of minerals, ions, namely, Ca, K, Na, Zn, and vitamins; saponins, phenols, alkaloids, H-donation, flavonoids are reported in the plants. Nutritional and biochemical analyses of fruits of Trapa bispinosa in 100 g showed 22.30 and 71.55% carbohydrate, protein contents were 4.40% and 10.80%, a percentage of moisture, fiber, ash, and fat contents were 70.35 and 7.30, 2.05 and 6.35, 2.30 and 8.50, and 0.65 and 1.85, mineral contents of the seeds were 32 mg and 102.85 mg calcium, 1.4 and 3.8 mg Iron, and 121 and 325 mg phosphorus in 100 g, and seeds of Trapa bispinosa produced 115.52 and 354.85 Kcal of energy, in fresh and dry fruits, respectively. Chemical analysis of the fruit and fresh nuts having considerable water content citric acid and fresh fruit which substantiates its importance as dietary food also reported low crude lipid, and major mineral present with confirming good amount of minerals as an iron and manganese potassium were contained in the fruit. Crude fiber, total protein content of the water chestnut kernel, Trapa bispinosa are reported. In this paper, the recent reports on nutritional, phytochemical, and pharmacological aspects of Trapa bispinosa Roxb, as a medicinal and nutritional food, are reviewed.

Pandanus odoratissimus(Kewda): A Review on Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Nutritional Aspects

“…Preliminary qualitative chemical studies indicated the presence of lignan, isoflavones, phenolic contents, steroids, saponin, terpenoids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic in the extract. And isoflavones, polyphenol, namely, lignan, are responsible for regulating the rat fertility [ 17 ]; maybe it is helpful for the regulating and enhancing the human fertility [ 17 , 19 , 53 ].…”

“…This could be achieved by molecular modeling studies involving interaction of bioactive phytochemicals from P. odoratissimus with their respective molecular and therapeutic targets. The extract of P. odoratissimus could be further explored in the future as a source of useful phytochemicals for the pharmaceutical industry [ 17 ].…”

“…The root is used in Palauto to make a drink that alleviates stomach cramps, and the leaves are used to alleviate vomiting [ 43 ]. The root is also known for its use in traditional medicine in Pohnpei for STD'S, namely, syphilis [ 17 , 18 , 44 ] ( Table 6 ).…”

Highly oxygenated isoprenoid lipids derived from terrestrial and aquatic sources: Origin, structures and biological activities

“…Aza-alkaloids display important biological and pharmacological properties including antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral activities, and others. [5,17,[46][47][48][49][50] Steroidal alkaloids were first isolated from the skin glands of Salamandra in the mid-30s of the 20th century, [51] although they have been known since 1866. [52] Samanine (38) and samandarin (39) were isolated from the skin glands of Salamandra.…”

Utilization of Trapa natans

“…Floating leaves have rosette form, and leaflet is solid and triangular (5.2x6.4 cm) (Nedhuka & Kardyum, 2016). The leaves are dark green, and their bottom surface is reddish purple (Adkar et al, 2014;Zhu, 2016). The submerged stems cling to the soil by extending to 1-5 m along the roots (Adkar et al, 2014;Hummel & Kivrat, 2004).…”