<i>Ulmus americana</i> (Ulmaceae) is a polyploid complex

Whittemore, Alan T.; Olsen, Richard T.

doi:10.3732/ajb.1000372

Cited by 29 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This has included geographic surveys (e.g., Šmarda and Stančík 2006;Whittemore and Olsen 2011), phylogeographic studies (Eidesen et al 2007;Schönswetter et al 2007;Suda et al 2007;Popp et al 2008), and studies of the evolution of polyploid complexes (Harbaugh 2008;Balao et al 2009;Hersch-Green and Cronn 2009;Dušková et al 2010;Sonnleitner et al 2010). At the same time, the practical advantages of the method have led researchers to extend its use beyond ploidy analysis into reports of absolute genome size (e.g., Little et al 2007;Cires et al 2009;Whittemore and Olsen 2011) and fine-scale comparisons among populations or species of the same ploidy Popp et al 2008;Hersch-Green and Cronn 2009;Balao et al 2009;Dušková et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The effects of rapid desiccation on estimates of plant genome size

et al. 2011

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Flow cytometry has become the dominant method for estimating nuclear DNA content in plants, either for ploidy determination or quantification of absolute genome size. Current best practices for flow cytometry involve the analysis of fresh tissue, however, this imposes significant limitations on the geographic scope and taxonomic diversity of plants that can be included in large-scale genome size studies. Dried tissue has been used increasingly in recent years, but largely in the context of ploidy analysis. Here we test rapid tissue drying with silica gel as a method for use in genome size studies, potentially enabling broader geographic sampling of plants when fresh tissue collection is not feasible. Our results indicate that rapid drying introduces comparatively minor error (<10%), which is similar to the error introduced by other common methodological variations such as instrument. Additionally, the relative effect of drying on genome size and data quality varied between species and buffers. Tissue desiccation provides a promising approach for expanding our knowledge of plant genome size diversity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The effects of rapid desiccation on estimates of plant genome size

et al. 2011

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“…Ploidy level could also be affecting resistance. While most American elms are tetraploid, diploid and triploid specimens have been identified (Whittemore & Olsen, ). In a study examining the triploid American elm “Jefferson,” Sherald, Santamour, Hajela, Hajela and Sticklen () found “Jefferson” had higher levels of resistance to DED compared with wild‐type American elms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While most American elms are tetraploid, diploid and triploid specimens have been identified (Whittemore & Olsen, 2011). In a study examining the triploid American elm "Jefferson," Sherald, Santamour, Hajela, Hajela and Sticklen (1994)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defence responses in the xylem of Ulmus americana cultivars after inoculation with Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi

Beier

Blanchette

2018

Forest Pathology

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Earlier, it has been shown that cultivars of American elm (Ulmus americana) can differ in their susceptibility to Dutch elm disease (DED) and in their ability to compartmentalize infection. To gain a better understanding of how certain factors of compartmentalization influence disease susceptibility, histological and histochemical studies were performed on five cultivars of American elm and two wild‐type seedling populations. There were a variety of differences in barrier zone formation and barrier zone characteristics among the cultivars which may help explain variability in resistance to DED. Timing of barrier zone production may be one factor that helps determine whether a tree survives infection. At 20 days postinoculation (DPI) in 2015, “New Harmony,” which had one of the highest mean disease severity ratings (DSR), was the only cultivar to have no barrier zones present in the samples examined. Barrier zones were present in all trees examined in 2016 for the two cultivars with the highest mean DSR, with many of the trees at 100% permanent wilt at 90 DPI, providing evidence that the formation of barrier zones does not ensure the tree will survive infection. When examining stem sections of these cultivars from 2016 for autofluorescence under blue light, which is indicative of phenolic compounds, they displayed significantly less autofluorescence than “Valley Forge,” which had the lowest DSR. Another important finding from this work is that despite having weak or discontinuous barrier zones, cultivars can still have relatively low DSR. “Prairie Expedition” and “Princeton” had multiple samples which had barrier zones which were breached or circumvented. When a barrier zone was breached, these cultivars often formed a subsequent barrier zone. Findings from these examinations help illustrate the complex nature of compartmentalization in American elm and how a variety of factors are affecting disease resistance.

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“…Of the six species of elm native to North America, U. americana has the largest historical range (NRCS, 2017), and it has been widely planted as an ornamental tree in many parts of the United States outside its native range. Exotic insects or pathogens have affected many American elm trees (Whittemore and Olsen, 2011). The most consequential is Dutch Elm Disease (DED), which, as described by Schwarz (1922) and Karnosky (1979), arose in the 20th century in USA and resulted in the death of a majority of mature elms across much of the northern hemisphere (Brasier and Buck, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of American elm (Ulmus americana) and comparative genomics of related species

Ebrahimi¹,

Antonides²,

Pinchot

et al. 2020

Preprint

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American elm, Ulmus americana L., was cultivated widely in USA and Canada as a landscape tree, but the genome of this important species is poorly characterized. For the first time, we describe the sequencing and assembly of the chloroplast genomes of two American elm genotypes (RV16 and Am57845). The complete chloroplast genome of U. americana ranged from 158,935-158,993 bp. The genome contains 127 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 34 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. Between the two American elm chloroplasts we sequenced, we identified 240 sequence variants (SNPs and indels). To evaluate the phylogeny of American elm, we compared the chloroplast genomes of two American elms along with seven Asian elm species and twelve other chloroplast genomes available through the NCBI database. As expected, Ulmus was closely related to Morus and Cannabis, as all three genera are assigned to the Urticales. Comparison of American elm with Asian elms revealed that trnH was absent from the chloroplast of American elm but not most Asian elms; conversely, petB, petD, psbL, trnK, and rps16 are present in the American elm but absent from all Asian elms. The complete chloroplast genome of U. americana will provide useful genetic resources for characterizing the genetic diversity of U. americana and potentially help to conserve natural populations of American elm.

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Ulmus americana (Ulmaceae) is a polyploid complex

Abstract: The species is genetically heterogeneous, but further research is needed to understand the origin and relations of the different ploidy levels. Understanding the ploidy situation in U. americana will be important in the search for further genotypes that are resistant to Dutch elm disease.

Cited by 29 publications

References 25 publications

The effects of rapid desiccation on estimates of plant genome size

The effects of rapid desiccation on estimates of plant genome size

Defence responses in the xylem of Ulmus americana cultivars after inoculation with Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of American elm (Ulmus americana) and comparative genomics of related species

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