<i>Vibrio cholerae</i> O139 in Calcutta, 1992-1998: Incidence, Antibiograms, and Genotypes

Basu, Arnab; Garg, Pallavi; Datta, Saswati; Chakraborty, Subhra; Bhattacharya, T; Khan, Azharul Islam; Ramamurthy, Shylaja; Sk, Bhattacharya; Yamasaki, Shinji; Takeda, Yoshifumi; Nair, G. Balakrish

doi:10.3201/eid0602.000206

Cited by 71 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…PFGE analysis of the three V. cholerae O139 isolates ( Fig. 2A, lanes 7 to 9) showed identical patterns which differed from the PFGE patterns of O139 isolates reported during 1992 to 1997 in Calcutta (2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

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Concomitant Infection of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in an Outbreak of Cholera Caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 in Ahmedabad, India

Chakraborty

Deokule²,

Garg

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

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In Ahmedabad, a major city in the state of Gujarat, India, an outbreak of acute secretory diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa El Tor, V. cholerae O139, and multiple serotypes of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) occurred in January 2000. All of the representative V. cholerae O1 and O139 isolates examined harbored the ctxA gene (encoding the A subunit of cholera toxin) and the El Tor variant of the tcpA gene (encoding toxin-coregulated pilus). ETEC isolates of different serotypes were positive for the elt gene, encoding heat-labile enterotoxin. To further understand the molecular characteristics of the pathogens, representative isolates were examined by ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Ribotyping showed that the isolates of V. cholerae O1 Ogawa exhibited a pattern identical to that of the prevailing clone of O1 in areas where cholera is endemic in India, and all of the O139 isolates were identical to the BII clone of V. cholerae O139. PFGE of the representative O1 Ogawa isolates exhibited an identical pattern, comparable to the H pattern of the new clone of O1 reported in Calcutta, India. PFGE analysis of the V. cholerae O139 isolates showed identical patterns, but these differed from the PFGE patterns of O139 isolates reported during 1992 to 1997 in Calcutta. ETEC isolates showed genetic heterogeneity among isolates belonging to the same serotype, although the identical PFGE pattern was also observed among ETEC isolates of different serotypes. Antibiograms of the isolates were unusual, because all of the O139 isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid. Likewise, all of the E. coli isolates showed resistance to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and nalidixic acid. This is a unique outbreak, and we believe that it is the first in which V. cholerae and ETEC were concomitantly involved.Acute diarrheal diseases have been recognized as one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing and underdeveloped countries. The common pathogens associated with diarrhea in developing countries are diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp., etc. Cholera is caused by toxigenic strains of V. cholerae belonging to the O1 or O139 serogroup, which have the potential to cause epidemics (4, 25). It is estimated that tens of thousands of people in the world are affected every year due to cholera outbreaks and epidemics. Outbreaks of cholera are generally due to lack of sanitation or contamination of drinking water (28, 30). The etiologic agent, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), causes nearly 400 million diarrheal episodes and 700,000 deaths annually among children less than 5 years old (15). The present investigation highlights an association of three pathogens associated with a large outbreak of diarrhea in a metropolitan city of Gujarat state, India. MATERIALS AND METHODSDescription of the outbreak. From 1 to 17 January 2000, a total of 809 patients reported to three different hospitals, namely, I. D. Hospital, V. S. General Hospital, and L. G. Hospita...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…PFGE analysis of three representative O139 isolates (Fig. 2) clearly showed that the pattern was very different from that of the prevailing O139 clone in Calcutta (2). PFGE of E. coli isolates revealed very interesting results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Concomitant Infection of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in an Outbreak of Cholera Caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 in Ahmedabad, India

Chakraborty

Deokule²,

Garg

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

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“…The reemergence of the O139 serogroup in 1996 demonstrated temporal changes in the epidemiology of cholera. (2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the application of molecular methods such as restriction fragment lenght polymorphism (RFLP), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), DNA sequencing, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) (8,13,21,23) have shown clonal diversity among O139 isolates and have revealed the existence of different ribotypes. More recently, comparative studies of O139 strains isolated in the two dominant time periods have shown that, although the reemerging strains of V. cholerae O139 (from 1996 to 1997) had biochemical traits identical to those isolated during the first period, their molecular characterization differed in the organization and number of the CTX element and in ribotype (2,13,14,30). Farfán et al (11) applied the MLEE technique to study a collection of V. cholerae isolates from several countries and sources to determine the genetic relationships between pathogenic clones (O1 and O139) and environmental isolates.…”

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confidence: 99%

Allelic Diversity and Population Structure in Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal Based on Nucleotide Sequence Analysis

et al. 2002

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Comparative analysis of gene fragments of six housekeeping loci, distributed around the two chromosomes of Vibrio cholerae, has been carried out for a collection of 29 V. cholerae O139 Bengal strains isolated from India during the first epidemic period (1992 to 1993). A toxigenic O1 ElTor strain from the seventh pandemic and an environmental non-O1/non-O139 strain were also included in this study. All loci studied were polymorphic, with a small number of polymorphic sites in the sequenced fragments. The genetic diversity determined for our O139 population is concordant with a previous multilocus enzyme electrophoresis study in which we analyzed the same V. cholerae O139 strains. In both studies we have found a higher genetic diversity than reported previously in other molecular studies. The results of the present work showed that O139 strains clustered in several lineages of the dendrogram generated from the matrix of allelic mismatches between the different genotypes, a finding which does not support the hypothesis previously reported that the O139 serogroup is a unique clone. The statistical analysis performed in the V. cholerae O139 isolates suggested a clonal population structure. Moreover, the application of the Sawyer's test and split decomposition to detect intragenic recombination in the sequenced gene fragments did not indicate the existence of recombination in our O139 population.

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“…The clinical specimens from which V. cholerae was isolated were from patients admitted either to the International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICCDR, B) or to the Infectious Diseases Hospital of the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) in Kolkata, India. Methods used for isolation and culture of V. cholerae have been reported elsewhere (41,42). Additional computations detailed in supporting information (SI) Text showed no differences in using the monthly accumulation of cholera cases as a response variable in models instead of incidence.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental signatures associated with cholera epidemics

Magny

Murtugudde

Sapiano

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

258

112

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The causative agent of cholera, Vibrio cholerae, has been shown to be autochthonous to riverine, estuarine, and coastal waters along with its host, the copepod, a significant member of the zooplankton community. Temperature, salinity, rainfall and plankton have proven to be important factors in the ecology of V. cholerae, influencing the transmission of the disease in those regions of the world where the human population relies on untreated water as a source of drinking water. In this study, the pattern of cholera outbreaks during 1998 -2006 in Kolkata, India, and Matlab, Bangladesh, and the earth observation data were analyzed with the objective of developing a prediction model for cholera. Satellite sensors were used to measure chlorophyll a concentration (CHL) and sea surface temperature (SST). In addition, rainfall data were obtained from both satellite and in situ gauge measurements. From the analyses, a statistically significant relationship between the time series for cholera in Kolkata, India, and CHL and rainfall anomalies was determined. A statistically significant one month lag was observed between CHL anomaly and number of cholera cases in Matlab, Bangladesh. From the results of the study, it is concluded that ocean and climate patterns are useful predictors of cholera epidemics, with the dynamics of endemic cholera being related to climate and/or changes in the aquatic ecosystem. When the ecology of V. cholerae is considered in predictive models, a robust early warning system for cholera in endemic regions of the world can be developed for public health planning and decision making.ecology ͉ epidemiology ͉ microbiology ͉ remote sensing

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Vibrio cholerae O139 in Calcutta, 1992-1998: Incidence, Antibiograms, and Genotypes

Cited by 71 publications

References 26 publications

Concomitant Infection of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in an Outbreak of Cholera Caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 in Ahmedabad, India

Concomitant Infection of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in an Outbreak of Cholera Caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 in Ahmedabad, India

Allelic Diversity and Population Structure in Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal Based on Nucleotide Sequence Analysis

Environmental signatures associated with cholera epidemics

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