<i>Vivax</i>
            -Type Malaria Parasite of Macaques Transmissible to Man

Eyles, Don E.; Coatney, G. Robert; Getz, Morton E.

doi:10.1126/science.131.3416.1812

Cited by 110 publications

(57 citation statements)

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“…Lateral transmission of Plasmodium parasites from monkey hosts to humans is known for several species, including P. simium (50), Plasmodium brasilianum (51), P. cynomolgi (52), P. knowlesi (53), and perhaps Plasmodium simiovale (54). Transmission from humans to monkeys can be accomplished experimentally (53) and may also occur naturally (55).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meager genetic variability of the human malaria agent Plasmodium vivax

Leclerc

Durand

Gauthier

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Malaria is a major human parasitic disease caused by four species of Plasmodium protozoa. Plasmodium vivax, the most widespread, affects millions of people across Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Central and South America. We have studied the genetic variability of 13 microsatellite loci in 108 samples from 8 localities in Asia, Africa, South America, and New Guinea. Only one locus is polymorphic; nine are completely monomorphic, and the remaining three are monomorphic in all but one or two populations, which have a rare second allele. In contrast, Plasmodium falciparum displays extensive microsatellite polymorphism within and among populations. We further have analyzed, in 96 samples from the same 8 localities, 8 tandem repeats (TRs) located on a 100-kb contiguous chromosome segment described as highly polymorphic. Each locus exhibits 2-10 alleles in the whole sample but little intrapopulation polymorphism (1-5 alleles with a prevailing allele in most cases). Eight microsatellite loci monomorphic in P. vivax are polymorphic in three of five Plasmodium species related to P. vivax (two to seven individuals sampled). Plasmodium simium, a parasite of New World monkeys, is genetically indistinguishable from P. vivax. At 13 microsatellite loci and at 7 of the 8 TRs, both species share the same (or most common) allele. Scarce microsatellite polymorphism may reflect selective sweeps or population bottlenecks in recent evolutionary history of P. vivax; the differential variability of the TRs may reflect selective processes acting on particular regions of the genome. We infer that the world expansion of P. vivax as a human parasite occurred recently, perhaps <10,000 years ago.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meager genetic variability of the human malaria agent Plasmodium vivax

Leclerc

Durand

Gauthier

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The accidental infection of humans by mosquito bites in the early 1960s in two different laboratories in the United States with P. cynomolgi (25,26), another malaria parasite of long-tailed macaques (1), resulted in the initiation of studies to investigate whether malaria was a zoonosis, since zoonotic malaria would have hampered the Malaria Eradication Program launched by the WHO. These investigations by a team from the U.S. National Institutes of Health working in close collaboration with colleagues at the Institute for Medical Research in Kuala Lumpur, Peninsular Malaysia, were intensified with the report of the naturally acquired human infection with P. knowlesi (22).…”

Section: Discovery and Early Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Infections and Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi

2013

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SUMMARY Plasmodium knowlesi is a malaria parasite that is found in nature in long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques. Naturally acquired human infections were thought to be extremely rare until a large focus of human infections was reported in 2004 in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Human infections have since been described throughout Southeast Asia, and P. knowlesi is now recognized as the fifth species of Plasmodium causing malaria in humans. The molecular, entomological, and epidemiological data indicate that human infections with P. knowlesi are not newly emergent and that knowlesi malaria is primarily a zoonosis. Human infections were undiagnosed until molecular detection methods that could distinguish P. knowlesi from the morphologically similar human malaria parasite P. malariae became available. P. knowlesi infections cause a spectrum of disease and are potentially fatal, but if detected early enough, infections in humans are readily treatable. In this review on knowlesi malaria, we describe the early studies on P. knowlesi and focus on the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical aspects, and treatment of knowlesi malaria. We also discuss the gaps in our knowledge and the challenges that lie ahead in studying the epidemiology and pathogenesis of knowlesi malaria and in the prevention and control of this zoonotic infection.

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“…Bray (1963) lists 15 species of malarial parasite found in primates and it is possible that a number of these may be transmissible to man. The disease produced by accidental or experimental transmission was not severe and the experimental infections produced by Eyles et al (1960) were successfully terminated by treatment with chloroquine.…”

Section: Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Parasites of Laboratory Animals Transmissible to Man

Gibson

1967

Lab Anim

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SUMMARYAn assessment is made of the hazards to man from parasites of laboratory animals. The chief danger arises from gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa of primates and tapeworms of rodents and prevention of infection depends on the adoption of normal hygienic measures for disposal of the faeces and bedding of experimental animals. Simian malaria constitutes a possible danger in those parts of the world where suitable vectors exist and in these areas the screening of animal houses against mosquitoes is necessary. Many ectoparasites of laboratory animals are capable of establishing themselves on human beings but their tenure is usually short. Infestation of man can be prevented only by control of the ectoparasites in the laboratory animals and this is desirable for the welfare of the animals themselves. The possibility of human infection with the parasites of laboratory animals can be greatly reduced by a period of quarantine immediately following arrival, during which examination is made for the presence of parasites and appropriate treatment given to remove any found to be pres~nt.A survey carried out at 5000 laboratories in the United States by Sulkin & Pike (1951) revealed 1342 infections that had been acquired in the laboratory but circumstances connected with the survey suggest that only part of the total was revealed. Thirty-nine were parasitic infections, the rest being bacterial, viral or rickettsial in origin.Of the parasitic infections, 18 were amoebiasis; none of these could be definitely proved to have been acquired in the laboratory, although 11 were probably, and seven were possibly, acquired there. There were nine cases of malaria of which four were definitely acquired in the laboratory, three probably and two possibly.The other 12 cases were caused by various helminths and protozoa.Four of these cases were definitely of laboratory origin, four of probable laboratory origin and four were possibly acquired there. Thirty-seven of the total occurred in trained scientific personnel.Nine bf these were the result of accidents, of which the most common was the bite of an animal or ectoparasite, five were acquired by contact with infected animals or ectoparasites, 17 from clinical specimens, six by working with the agent, one by airborne infection and the final case was of unknown origin. The number of parasitic infections known to have been acquired in the laboratory is small and few, if any, have been acquired from laboratory at SAGE

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Vivax -Type Malaria Parasite of Macaques Transmissible to Man

Cited by 110 publications

References 1 publication

Meager genetic variability of the human malaria agent Plasmodium vivax

Meager genetic variability of the human malaria agent Plasmodium vivax

Human Infections and Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi

Parasites of Laboratory Animals Transmissible to Man

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