“…Since then, the neo tribal theory has been accepted as an alternative to subculture theory. The theory is first used in sociological researches (Bennett, 1999;Hetherington, 1998;Hughson, 1999), then in marketing researches (Cooper, McLoughlin, & Keating, 2005;Cova & Cova, 2001), and recently in recreation and tourism researches (Goulding & Shankar, 2011;Hardy & Robards, 2015;Hardy, Dolnicar, & Vorobjovas-Pinta, 2021;St John, 2018;Vorobjovas-Pinta, 2018;Vorobjovas-Pinta & Lewis, 2021;Wang & Xie, 2021;Weaver, 2011;Wu & Dai, 2019). Therefore, neo tribal theory can be considered as a guide to understanding the social behaviors of travelers or tourists.…”