“…In the UK, Scotland has a strong track record of achieving this. This originates from a regional cluster of historic universities, such as the Universities of St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh founded in 1413, 1451, 1495 and 1583 respectively [4,5,6,7], and to support the industrial revolution technical colleges were formed, such as Anderson's Institute, founded in 1796, which is now the University of Strathclyde [8] and Edinburgh School of Arts, founded in 1821, which is now Heriot-Watt University [9]. These universities have provided a strong foundation of physics and engineering from which modern industrial optics and photonics companies have emerged.…”