Ibogaine for treating drug dependence. What is a safe dose?

Schep, LJ; Slaughter, Robin J; Galea, Susanna; Newcombe, David

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.005

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Yet due to its complex pharmacological activity and some reported fatalities it should be still handled with great care and caution. High doses of ibogaine increase the risk for seizures and heart problems that in some cases caused death (Schep et al ). Several decades of informal work, however, has accumulated valuable information that helped to define exclusion criteria and reduce the potential risks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ibogaine Experience: A Qualitative Study on the Acute Subjective Effects of Ibogaine

Kohek¹,

Ohren

Hornby³

et al. 2020

Anthropol of Consciousness

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Ibogaine is the most abundant alkaloid present in the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga. As a result of the lack of research on the acute subjective effects, the purpose of this study was to identify categories of the ibogaine experience and gain a better understanding of the internal processes while under its effects. We created a semistructured interview and recruited twenty individuals who had recently taken ibogaine. The interviews were analyzed according to grounded theory approach. We identified eight categories (physical, sensory, visual, cognitive, auditory, adverse, anti‐dependency agent, after‐effects) and ten subcategories (open eye visuals; closed eye visuals: ancestors and entities, sceneries and landscapes, horrific scenarios; self‐psychoanalysis enhancement; empathy, love, and prosocial behavior; catharsis; observer quality; ego dissolution; spiritual states) of the acute subjective effects of ibogaine. The study contributes to the advancement of our understanding of ibogaine and its role in personal growth, prosocial behavior, therapeutic use, and anti‐dependency treatments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ibogaine Experience: A Qualitative Study on the Acute Subjective Effects of Ibogaine

Kohek¹,

Ohren

Hornby³

et al. 2020

Anthropol of Consciousness

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“…Assuming that the total alkaloid content of the root bark is 7.8% (see previous paragraph), the human equivalent dose of 12 mg ibogaine per day would represent a total alkaloid dose of 49 mg per day (0.70 mg/kg/day for a 70-kg person) when given in the form of iboga bark extract. The selected high dose in our study approaches the recently recommended human dose of 0.87 mg ibogaine/kg that is considered safe and appropriate for treatment of opioid addiction in humans (Schep et al, 2016). Forsyth et al (2016) investigated the effects of a single oral dose of 20 mg ibogaine in humans on a number of psychological variables.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, iboga phytochemicals may ameliorate type 2 diabetes by non-pancreatic mechanisms, such as preventing weight gain, the most important risk factor of the disease, and improving muscle-dependent insulin resistance (Gonzalez-Castejon et al, 2011). To date, there is insufficient scientific information regarding the appropriate range of doses for iboga extract as a remedy for diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or even for treatment of opioid drug dependence (Schep et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochemical characterization of Tabernanthe iboga root bark and its effects on dysfunctional metabolism and cognitive performance in high-fat-fed C57BL/6J mice

Bading-Taika¹,

Akinyeke²,

Magaña³

et al. 2018

Journal of Food Bioactives

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Preparations of the root bark of Tabernanthe iboga have long been used in Central and West African traditional medicine to combat fatigue, as a neuro-stimulant in rituals, and for treatment of diabetes. The principal alkaloid of T. iboga, ibogaine, has attracted attention in many countries around the world for providing relief for opioid craving in drug addicts. Using a plant metabolomics approach, we detected five phenolic compounds, including 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, and 30 alkaloids, seven of which were previously reported from T. iboga root bark. Following a report that iboga extracts contain insulinotropic agents, we aimed to determine the potential alleviating effects of the water extract of iboga root bark on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperglycemia as well as its effects on cognitive function in male C57BL/6J mice. Feeding a HFD to mice for 10 weeks produced manifestations of metabolic syndrome such as increased body weight and increased plasma levels of glucose, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, insulin, leptin, and pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, MCP-1, ICAM-1), as compared to mice fed a low-fat diet (LFD). Supplementation of HFD with iboga extract at ibogaine doses of 0.83 (low) and 2.07 (high) mg/kg/day did not improve these HFD-induced metabolic effects except for a reduction of plasma MCP-1 in the low dose group, indicative of an anti-inflammatory effect. When the HFD mice were tested in the water maze, the high-dose iboga extract caused hippocampus-dependent impairments in spatial learning and memory, as compared to mice receiving only a HFD.

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“…Based on the pharmacokinetics described by Jeffcoat [19] and other authors [7,18,20,38,39], it is not possible to extrapolate precisely the blood plasma ibogaine and noribogaine concentrations from different graphs due to variations in animal models and treatments. Furthermore, Shrep et al [8] suggested additional safety factors need to be applied to animal data prior to considering an appropriate and safe initial dose for humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Advisory Panel formally approved human trials with 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg of ibogaine, and clinical trial (also approved by the FDA) in 1995 recommended similar doses [7]. Based on existing animal data, Schep et al [8] suggested that appropriate safety factors should be applied, including a maximum oral dosage limit of less than 1 mg/kg. Therefore, for our experiment we chose to explore the effects of a single oral dose of either 1 or 20 mg/kg b.w.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ibogaine per os application on redox homeostasis in rat liver and erythrocytes

Uzelac

Tatalović

Mijović

et al. 2019

ARCH BIOL SCI BELGRA

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Ibogaine, administered as a single oral dose (1-25 mg/kg body weight), has been used as an addiction-interrupting agent. Its effects persist for up to 72 h. Ex vivo results showed that ibogaine induced cellular energy consumption and restitution, followed by increased reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the aim of this work was to explore the effect of a single oral dose of ibogaine (1 or 20 mg/kg body weight) on antioxidative defenses in rat liver and erythrocytes. Six and 24 h after ibogaine administration, histological examination showed glycogenolytic activity in hepatocytes, which was highest after 24 h in animals that received 20 mg/kg ibogaine. There were no changes in the activities of superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase in the liver and erythrocytes after ibogaine treatment, regardless of the dose. Hepatic xanthine oxidase activity was elevated in rats that received 20 mg/kg compared to the controls (p<0.01), suggesting faster adenosine turnover. TBARS concentration was elevated in the group treated with 1 mg/kg after 24 h compared to the controls (p<0.01), suggesting mild oxidative stress. Our results show that ibogaine treatment influenced hepatic redox homeostasis, but not sufficiently to remodel antioxidant enzyme activities at 6 and 24 h post-ibogaine application.

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Ibogaine for treating drug dependence. What is a safe dose?

Cited by 22 publications

References 48 publications

The Ibogaine Experience: A Qualitative Study on the Acute Subjective Effects of Ibogaine

The Ibogaine Experience: A Qualitative Study on the Acute Subjective Effects of Ibogaine

Phytochemical characterization of Tabernanthe iboga root bark and its effects on dysfunctional metabolism and cognitive performance in high-fat-fed C57BL/6J mice

Effects of ibogaine per os application on redox homeostasis in rat liver and erythrocytes

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