Ibuprofen Loaded into Metal–Organic Framework Shells Coated on Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles for the Removal of Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins in Blood

Abstract

When patients with chronic kidney disease receive hemodialysis, their protein-binding uremic toxins (PBUTs) accumulation rate in the blood is very high. One of the main representative substances is p-cresol sulfate (PCS). About 80% PCS integrates to the Sudlow site II of blood serum albumin through electrostatic interaction or van der Waals force. How to effectively remove PCS is very challenging. Here, we designed and prepared a kind of nanoremover for the removal of PCS. First, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were coated with a metal–organic framework (MOF) shell with abundant pores by an in situ one-step synthesis. Then, ibuprofen (IBU) was loaded into the pores to obtain a Fe3O4/MOF/IBU nanoremover with a core–shell structure. Finally, the nanoremover was applied to capture and remove PCS from blood; its removal mechanism and removal efficiency based on displacement were verified. Finally, the nanoremover was applied to remove uremic toxins such as PCS from blood, its removal mechanism and removal efficiency based on displacement were verified. The in vitro removal experimental results showed that the removal efficiency of the Fe3O4/MOF/IBU nanoremover was about 26.7% when the initial concentration of PCS in the blood was 100 ppm. In general, the magnetic nanoremover based on displacement technology provides the possibility of clinical application for the removal of PBUTs in blood.

MOF-Based Platform for Kidney Diseases: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects

“…Zr-based MOFs are proven to demonstrate virtuous request prospects in the adsorption of uremic toxins. However, metal zirconium may be biologically toxic, which limits its commercial application [99]. (C) The dialysis procedure scheme is based on UAPNFM.…”

Performance of Zr-Based Metal–Organic Framework Materials as In Vitro Systems for the Oral Delivery of Captopril and Ibuprofen

“…To be applicable as drug delivery systems, Zr-MOF materials must fulfil certain requirements: biocompatibility and an ordered pore network, narrow size distribution, and high surface area. Hybrid aerogel microparticles as drug delivery systems for cervical cancer chemotherapy can prevent extravasation [ 13 ] or remove protein-bound uremic toxins from blood, such as in the case of ibuprofen loaded onto metal–organic framework shells on Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles [ 14 ].…”

Effectively Decontaminating Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins in Human Serum Albumin Using Cationic Metal–Organic Frameworks

“…17−23 Among these literature studies, the MOF materials selected were mostly Zr-based MOFs, and Fe-based MOFs have also been mentioned recently. 17,19 The total adsorption of the sorbents was reported to leverage the hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between uremic toxins and MOFs. 17 For example, Reynolds et al 17 synthesized MOF-808 and MIL-100(Fe) to compare their sorption capability toward uremic toxins with previously reported Zr-based MOFs.…”

“…Clinical studies have demonstrated that PBUTs increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD . Searching for more efficient sorbents for the removal of PBUTs has received constant attention and various methods come into being. ,, Based on the host–guest hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic interaction, and pore size selectivity, diverse materials are subtly designed and constructed, including activated carbons, , zeolites, , composite membranes, − and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). − Clinically, activated carbon-based and zeolite-based sorbents are the most mature and widely used ones. However, activated carbon, which solely relies on van der Waals force, lacks selectivity, resulting in the simultaneous removal of proteins, sodium/potassium ions, and other useful substances .…”

“…With rapidly developing and closely researching, metal–organic framework materials constructed by organic ligands and transition metal ions − have been widely applied in catalysis, − energy storage, , separation, − and biomedicine . Different from other types of porous materials, MOFs have special advantages, such as shape tunability, topological diversity, and facile functionalization. − The use of MOFs as effective potential candidates for the decontamination of PBUTs has been reported. − Among these literature studies, the MOF materials selected were mostly Zr-based MOFs, and Fe-based MOFs have also been mentioned recently. , The total adsorption of the sorbents was reported to leverage the hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between uremic toxins and MOFs . For example, Reynolds et al synthesized MOF-808 and MIL-100­(Fe) to compare their sorption capability toward uremic toxins with previously reported Zr-based MOFs.…”