ICARUS: A code for evaluating burn injuries

Bamford, G.J.; Boydell, W.

doi:10.1007/bf01039323

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The black type of PDMS (Sylgard 170 silicone elastomer kit, Dow Corning, refers to S170 in the following passage) was used to simulate the epidermis and dermis due to its emissivity similar to human skin (0.90 vs about 0.98 for human skin). For human subcutaneous tissue, where the radiant heat is considered to be totally absorbed at the depth of dermis, a transparent PDMS (Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit, Dow Corning, refers to S184 in the following passage) was chosen.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a multi‐layered skin simulant for burn injury evaluation of protective fabrics exposed to low radiant heat

Zhai

Spano

2018

Fire and Materials

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Summary To simulate temperature rise of human skin and to predict burn injury during radiant heat exposure, the traditional method is to use a sensor to simulate skin surface and use a numerical model to simulate heat transfer in inner skin. However, the numerical models of skin burns are based on few experimental data of nude skin and some simplifications of human skin characteristics. In this study, a new multi‐layered skin simulant is presented for low radiant heat exposures up to 15 kW/m2. The skin simulant has implanted thermocouples into layered polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) materials with controlled thermal properties and thicknesses of the skin layers. The multi‐layered skin simulant developed in this study has a good reproducibility for temperature measurements with similar temperature rise profiles compared with human skin except at skin surface. For burn injury prediction, the results of our PDMS skin model can be linearly corrected using ASTM model as a reference. Our developed skin simulant provides an advanced method to directly simulate the heat transfer inside human skin in a multi‐layered structure rather than using the combined physical sensor‐numerical model in the traditional way.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a multi‐layered skin simulant for burn injury evaluation of protective fabrics exposed to low radiant heat

Zhai

Spano

2018

Fire and Materials

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“…The effect of clothing on heat transfer and burn incidence and severity can be assessed on animals, isolated clothing samples, mannequins, or computer modelling (Knox et al 1974;Knox et al 1978;Behnke 1984;Bamford and Boydell 1995;Staples 1996;House and Squire 1997;Elton 1999;NATO ACCP-2 1992).…”

Section: Clothing Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burns and Military Clothing

McLean

2001

J R Army Med Corps

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Burn injury is a ubiquitous threat in the military environment. The risks during combat are well recognised, but the handling of fuel, oil, munitions and other hot or flammable materials during peacetime deployment and training also imposes an inherent risk of accidental burn injury. Over the last hundred years, the burn threat in combat has ranged from nuclear weapons to small shoulder-launched missiles. Materials such as napalm and white phosphorus plainly present a risk of burn, but the threat extends to encompass personnel in vehicles attacked by anti-armour weapons, large missiles, fuel-air explosives and detonations/conflagrations on weapons platforms such as ships. Large numbers of burn casualties were caused at Pearl Harbor, in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Vietnam, during the Arab/Israeli Wars and in the Falkland Islands conflict. The threat from burns is unlikely to diminish, indeed new developments in weapons seek to exploit the vulnerability of the serviceman and servicewoman to burns. Clothing can be a barrier to some types of burn--both inherently in the properties of the material, but also by trapping air between clothing layers. Conversely, ignition of the clothing may exacerbate a burn. There is hearsay that burnt clothing products within a wound may complicate the clinical management, or that materials that melt (thermoplastic materials) should not be worn if there is a burn threat. This paper explores the incidence of burn injury, the mechanisms of heat transfer to bare skin and skin covered by materials, and the published evidence for the complication of wound management by materials. Even light-weight combat clothing can offer significant protection to skin from short duration flash burns; the most vulnerable areas are the parts of the body not covered--face and hands. Multilayered combat clothing can offer significant protection for short periods from engulfment by flames; lightweight tropical wear with few layers offers little protection. Under high heat loads in the laboratory, combat clothing can ignite, but there is little evidence that clothing ignition is a common occurrence in military burn casualties. Thermoplastic materials have many benefits in civil and military clothing. There is little objective evidence that they exacerbate burns, or complicate burn management. Their use in military clothing must be based on objective evidence, not hearsay.

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“…The Table 6 contains thermophysical properties of the fabrics, while the non-grey optical properties of the clothing are presented in Table 7. Unfortunately, the detailed optical properties of the selected materials were unknown, therefore they were estimated using the simplified Bamford and Boydell's method [17,33]. In this approximation calculation of the spectral transmissivity T λ,f of each textile layer required only its specific mass.…”

Section: Model Setup For Validation Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the fabric reflectance was fixed to R λ,f = 0.245 for all wavelengths and fabrics [17]. Then the spectral extinction coefficients of the i-th fabric layer was calculated using the following relationship [33]: , while the exposure time was t e = 32.5 s. These values were measured in the experiment [32]. After the initial heating the clothing was cooled down in the ambient air.…”

Section: Model Setup For Validation Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Verification and validation of an advanced model of heat and mass transfer in the protective clothing

Łapka

Furmański

2018

Heat Mass Transfer

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The paper presents verification and validation of an advanced numerical model of heat and moisture transfer in the multi-layer protective clothing and in components of the experimental stand subjected to either high surroundings temperature or high radiative heat flux emitted by hot objects. The developed model included conductive-radiative heat transfer in the hygroscopic porous fabrics and air gaps as well as conductive heat transfer in components of the stand. Additionally, water vapour diffusion in the pores and air spaces as well as phase transition of the bound water in the fabric fibres (sorption and desorption) were accounted for. All optical phenomena at internal or external walls were modelled and the thermal radiation was treated in the rigorous way, i.e., semi-transparent absorbing, emitting and scattering fabrics with the non-grey properties were assumed. The air was treated as transparent. Complex energy and mass balances as well as optical conditions at internal or external interfaces were formulated in order to find values of temperatures, vapour densities and radiation intensities at these interfaces. The obtained highly non-linear coupled system of discrete equations was solved by the Finite Volume based in-house iterative algorithm. The developed model passed discretisation convergence tests and was successfully verified against the results obtained applying commercial software for simplified cases. Then validation was carried out using experimental measurements collected during exposure of the protective clothing to high radiative heat flux emitted by the IR lamp. Satisfactory agreement of simulated and measured temporal variation of temperature at external and internal surfaces of the multi-layer clothing was attained.

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ICARUS: A code for evaluating burn injuries

Cited by 14 publications

References 2 publications

Development of a multi‐layered skin simulant for burn injury evaluation of protective fabrics exposed to low radiant heat

Development of a multi‐layered skin simulant for burn injury evaluation of protective fabrics exposed to low radiant heat

Burns and Military Clothing

Verification and validation of an advanced model of heat and mass transfer in the protective clothing

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