Ice Accretion Prediction on Wind Turbines and Consequent Power Losses

Yirtici, Özcan; Tuncer, İsmail H.; Özgen, Serdar

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/753/2/022022

Cited by 37 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In fact, while the interfacial free energy difference between smooth surfaces of a high energy metal such as iron (2.4 J m −2 ) [22] and the lowest energy material C 20 F 42 (0.0067 J m −2 ) [23] is only a factor of 100, the modulus between a hard and soft surface can vary over as many as 5 orders of magnitude [24,25]. Thus, when bulk deformation occurs, [30][31][32] (obtained from CDC Public Health Image Library under public domain) and marine algae adhered to a ship hull [33], along with hard fouling materials like barnacles [34] (image reproduced with permission from [35], licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), clathrates in petroleum pipelines [36] (image reproduced from www.usgs.gov under public domain), ice on a wind turbine blade [37] reproduced from [38] (with licence under https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) and inorganic scale deposited in a pipe carrying cooling water (licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en).…”

Section: (A) Surface Design Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of surfaces for controlling hard and soft fouling

Halvey

Macdonald

Dhyani

et al. 2018

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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In this review, we present a framework to guide the design of surfaces which are resistant to solid fouling, based on the modulus and length scale of the fouling material. Solid fouling is defined as the undesired attachment of solid contaminants including ice, clathrates, waxes, inorganic scale, polymers, proteins, dust and biological materials. We first provide an overview of the surface design approaches typically applied across the scope of solid fouling and explain how these disparate research efforts can be united to an extent under a single framework. We discuss how the elastic modulus and the operating length scale of a foulant determine its ability or inability to elastically deform surfaces. When surface deformation occurs, minimization of the substrate elastic modulus is critical for the facile de-bonding of a solid contaminant. Foulants with low modulus or small deposition sizes cannot deform an elastic bulk material and instead de-bond more readily from surfaces with chemistries that minimize their interfacial free energy or induce a particular repellant interaction with the foulant. Overall, we review reported surface design strategies for the reduction in solid fouling, and provide perspective regarding how our framework, together with the modulus and length scale of a foulant, can guide future antifouling surface designs. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology’.

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Section: (A) Surface Design Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of surfaces for controlling hard and soft fouling

Halvey

Macdonald

Dhyani

et al. 2018

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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“…DU96-W-180 is designed to be mounted at 60% ~ 99% span-wise position, where the relative velocity ranges approximately from 24 m/s to 80 m/s, so that the oncoming flow velocity in this study is set as V ∞ = 40 m/s covering the majority situation. MVD is controlled around 10 ~ 100 µm for six cases, which satisfies the size of impinging water droplets, ranging from 10 µm to 150 µm, onto the wind turbine blades in the real field environment 17,27 . The ice accretion process over the pressure-side surface of the airfoil is highlighted because the impinging super-cooled water droplets exert more significant influence on it in comparison with the suction-side surface.…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent years, researchers pay more attentions to wind turbine icing. Yirtici 17 estimated energy production losses of wind turbines by using Blade Element Momentum theory with a 2D-based ice accretion prediction tool. Hudecz 18 numerically analyzed the 2D iced profiles gained from wind tunnel tests by using ANSYS Fluent and then their iced profiles were further compared with those generated in TURBICE, a numerical ice accretion software from VTT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Study on Icing Physics for Wind Turbine Icing Mitigation

Guo

Zhang

Waldman

et al. 2017

35th Wind Energy Symposium

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An experimental study was conducted to investigate the dynamic ice accretion process over the surface of a wind turbine blade with DU96-W-180 airfoil profile in order to elucidate the underlying physics for wind turbine icing mitigation. The experimental study was conducted in the Icing Research Tunnel of Iowa State University (ISU-IRT). Six test cases with three typical liquid water content (LWC) levels (i.e., LWC =0.3 g/m 3 , 1.1 g/m 3 , and 3.0 g/m 3) and two typical oncoming airflow temperatures (i.e., T ∞ =-5 o C, and-10 o C) were selected to represent rime icing, mixed icing and glaze icing conditions that wind turbines may experience in winter. In addition to using a high-speed imaging system to quantify the transient behavior of surface water runback and dynamic ice accretion processes over the airfoil surface, an infrared (IR) thermal imaging system was also utilized to simultaneously measure the airfoil surface temperature distributions in the course of the ice accreting process. The measurement results reveal clearly that, both the length of the surface water/ice film formed near the airfoil leading edge and the subsequent water/ice rivulet length would increase as the liquid water content level and the temperature of the oncoming airflow increase. The thickness of the ice accreted at the airfoil leading edge was found to grow rapidly with the increasing liquid water content level and decreasing oncoming airflow temperature for both glaze and mixed icing test cases. The temperature distribution over the airfoil surface was also found to vary significantly, depending on the type of ice accreted over the airfoil surface. A stream-wise 'plateau' region was observed in the measured surface temperature distributions for the glaze and mixed icing cases, due to the formation of surface water runback over the ice accreting airfoil surface.

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“…They predicted a decrease in loads and rotor torque with icing of the blades and suggested to install a de-icing system in the outer third of the blade to reduce costs for heating and quickly restore the turbine's operation. Yirtici et al [8] predicted ice build-up on two different aerofoil sections using a 2-D ice accretion prediction tool and validated it with experimental data of ice shapes available in the literature. Homola et al [9] investigated performance losses due to ice accretion on the NREL 5 MW wind turbine model and simulated icing on five sections along the blade for 60 min under rime ice conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Numerical Investigation of the Aeroelastic Behavior of a Wind Turbine with Iced Blades

et al. 2019

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Wind turbines installed in cold-climate regions are prone to the risks of ice accumulation which affects their aeroelastic behavior. The studies carried out on this topic so far considered icing in a few sections of the blade, mostly located in the outer part of the blade, and their influence on the loads and power production of the turbine are only analyzed. The knowledge about the influence of icing in different locations of the blade and asymmetrical icing of the blades on loads, power, and vibration behavior of the turbine is still not matured. To improve this knowledge, multiple simulation cases are needed to run with different ice accumulations on the blade considering structural and aerodynamic property changes due to ice. Such simulations can be easily run by automating the ice shape creation on aerofoil sections and two-dimensional (2-D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of those sections. The current work proposes such methodology and it is illustrated on the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5 MW baseline wind turbine model. The influence of symmetrical icing in different locations of the blade and asymmetrical icing of the blade assembly is analyzed on the turbine’s dynamic behavior using the aeroelastic computer-aided engineering tool FAST. The outer third of the blade produces about 50% of the turbine’s total power and severe icing in this part of the blade reduces power output and aeroelastic damping of the blade’s flapwise vibration modes. The increase in blade mass due to ice reduces its natural frequencies which can be extracted from the vibration responses of the turbine operating under turbulent wind conditions. Symmetrical icing of the blades reduces loads acting on the turbine components, whereas asymmetrical icing of the blades induces loads and vibrations in the tower, hub, and nacelle assembly at a frequency synchronous to rotational speed of the turbine.

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Ice Accretion Prediction on Wind Turbines and Consequent Power Losses

Cited by 37 publications

References 6 publications

Design of surfaces for controlling hard and soft fouling

Design of surfaces for controlling hard and soft fouling

An Experimental Study on Icing Physics for Wind Turbine Icing Mitigation

Numerical Investigation of the Aeroelastic Behavior of a Wind Turbine with Iced Blades

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