Ice Age megafauna rock art in the Colombian Amazon?

Abstract

Megafauna paintings have accompanied the earliest archaeological contexts across the continents, revealing a fundamental inter-relationship between early humans and megafauna during the global human expansion as unfamiliar landscapes were humanized and identities built into new territories. However, the identification of extinct megafauna from rock art is controversial. Here, we examine potential megafauna depictions in the rock art of Serranía de la Lindosa, Colombian Amazon, that includes a giant sloth, a gomphothere, a camelid, horses and three-toed ungulates with trunks. We argue that they are Ice Age rock art based on the (i) naturalistic appearance and diagnostic morphological features of the animal images, (ii) late Pleistocene archaeological dates from La Lindosa confirming the contemporaneity of humans and megafauna, (iii) recovery of ochre pigments in late Pleistocene archaeological strata, (iv) the presence of most megafauna identified in the region during the late Pleistocene as attested by archaeological and palaeontological records, and (v) widespread depiction of extinct megafauna in rock art across the Americas. Our findings contribute to the emerging picture of considerable geographical and stylistic variation of geometric and figurative rock art from early human occupations across South America. Lastly, we discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the early human history of tropical South America. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Tropical forests in the deep human past’.

Tropical forests in the deep human past

“…They propose the megafauna were stressed by the rapid warming and wet conditions of the deglaciation and population recovery was prevented by hunters who transformed the high Andean landscape through burning. Iriarte et al [89] present a compelling picture of this first encounter between Neotropical humans and megafauna, making a detailed case based on rock art found at Serranía de la Lindosa, Colombia, on the presentday ecotone between the northwestern Amazon forest and the Orinoco savannahs. They suggest that this art dates from the Late Pleistocene (around 12.6 ka) and among many other things depicts lost megafauna such as giant sloth (probably Eremotherium), a camelid (possibly Paleollama) and a three-toed ungulate (probably Xenorhinotherium).…”

Disentangling Human Nature: Environment, Evolution and Our Existential Predicament

“…On this basis, it is evident that this ecological flexibility has enabled our species to adapt and specialise in a wide variety of Late Pleistocene environments [23]. Humans occupying rainforests from Sri Lanka [24][25][26] to the Amazon [27][28][29] exemplify the complex patterns of human-environmental interactions exhibited during this period.Unarguably, from the Late Pleistocene of global human expansion to early urbanised societies and commercial networks, human niche construction has become the primary driver of ecosystem alterations, causing substantial rates of species extinctions and extirpations [30].…”