Ice Bridges of the James Bay Project

Michel, B.; Drouin, M.T.; Lefebvre, Liguori M.; Rosenberg, Peter; Murray, Robert

doi:10.1139/t74-060

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Referring to Figure 3, some special devices are needed in order to produce quickly a high quality of ice on the pneumatic formwork. 8 0.4-0.5 g/cm 3 high density of snow should 11 and (c) non-circular membrane bag + grid pattern. 15 be blown onto the formwork by a rotary snow blower and water is sprayed on the snow by an adjustable nozzle.…”

Section: Methods Of Producing Icementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since snow is a form of ice, it is natural that snow-water mixture freezes faster than water alone; therefore, the ice shell can be constructed in less time. Experience shows that the thickness of the ice increases by 1 cm every 90 min when the outside temperature is approximately −10°C, and its density is in the range of 0.83-0.88 g/ cm 3 . The thin snow layer must be saturated and the amount of water needed varies with the air temperature.…”

Section: Methods Of Producing Icementioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the membrane shell theory, the compressive stress at the apex of a spherical shell (with 30 m base diameter and 130 degree open angle) under its own weight (ice density 0.85 g/cm 3 ) is computed as 69 kPa which is much lower than the uniaxial compressive short-term strength of the ice which belongs to T1 20 snow-ice in polycrystalline ice. Thus, the span 30 m ice dome has sufficient short-term strength to stand under its own weight, theoretically.…”

Section: Ice As Structural Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the author started the research in 1980, ice platforms, 1 ice roads, 2 and ice bridges 3 were already used as civil engineering structures in Canada. Besides these structures, snow and ice statues imitating buildings and objects were made for winter festival in snowy and/or cold regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ice shell construction in Hokkaido of Japan during 1980–2012

Kokawa

2021

International Journal of Space Structures

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This paper summarizes research and development of an ice shell construction carried out in inland Hokkaido of Japan from 1980 to 2012.The ice shell is made of thin-walled curved ice plate and constructed according to the following method. (1) Building up a three-dimensional formwork by inflating a two-dimensional membrane bag covered with ropes anchored to the snow-ice foundation ring. (2) Covering the formwork with a thin saturated snow layer of less than 1 cm thickness by blowing milled snow with a rotary snow blower and spraying water with an adjustable nozzle, and letting it freeze naturally at temperatures below −10°C. (3) Repeating (2) until shell thickness reaches to the design thickness, then removing the bag and ropes for reuse. A number of ice shells were constructed as temporary winter structures while improving the construction technique through the repeated construction experiences. Based on the field experiments of 10–30 m ice domes (“ Xm ice dome” means the ice dome constructed by using Xm diameter of circular membrane bag in the formwork before inflation) which measured the deflection and temperature under long term period after the completion and further observed the behavior of the collapse, it was recognized that understanding the creep behavior is extremely important for evaluating the structural safety of the ice shell.

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Section: Methods Of Producing Icementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methods Of Producing Icementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ice As Structural Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%