Ice-forming nuclei in air masses over the Gulf of Mexico

Rosiński, J.; Haagenson, Philip L.; Nagamoto, C. T.; Quintana, B.; Parungo, F.; Hoyt, Steven D.

doi:10.1016/0021-8502(88)90206-6

Cited by 43 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Wilson et al (2015) found that the sea-surface microlayer is enriched with INPs compared to subsurface seawater at the same locations. The sea-surface microlayer is enriched with surface active organic material similar to that found in sea spray (Cochran et al, 2016;Gantt et al, 2011;Quinn et al, 2014;Aller et al, 2005;Orellana et al, 2011;Russell et al, 2010;Cunliffe et al, 2013). A correlation between total organic carbon content and the temperature at which microlayer droplets froze was measured .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 54%

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Vergara‐Temprado¹

2016

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Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are known to affect the amount of ice in mixed-phase clouds, thereby influencing many of their properties. The atmospheric INP concentration changes by orders of magnitude from terrestrial to marine environments, which typically contain much lower concentrations. Many modelling studies use parameterizations for heterogeneous ice nucleation and cloud ice processes that do not account for this difference because they were developed based on INP measurements made predominantly in terrestrial environments without considering the aerosol composition. Errors in the assumed INP concentration will influence the simulated amount of ice in mixed-phase clouds, leading to errors in top-of-atmosphere radiative flux and ultimately the climate sensitivity of the model. Here we develop a global model of INP concentrations relevant for mixed-phase clouds based on laboratory and field measurements of ice nucleation by K-feldspar (an ice-active component of desert dust) and marine organic aerosols (from sea spray). The simulated global distribution of INP concentrations based on these two species agrees much better with currently available ambient measurements than when INP concentrations are assumed to depend only on temperature or particle size. Underestimation of INP concentrations in some terrestrial locations may be due to the neglect of INPs from other terrestrial sources. Our model indicates that, on a monthly average basis, desert dusts dominate the contribution to the INP population over much of the world, but marine organics become increasingly important over remote oceans and they dominate over the Southern Ocean. However, day-to-day variability is important. Because desert dust aerosol tends to be sporadic, marine organic aerosols dominate the INP population on many days per month over much of the mid-and high-latitude Northern Hemisphere. This study advances our understanding of which aerosol species need to be included in order to adequately describe the global and regional distribution of INPs in models, which will guide ice nucleation researchers on where to focus future laboratory and field work.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Version with tracked changed after the reviewers comments

Vergara‐Temprado¹

2016

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“…In B, additional data are included from a day (January 27) following the peak of the MART phytoplankton bloom in January 2013 (green), and for continental boundary layer measurements (gray) (40). Also shown by solid arrows are the ranges of measured INP concentrations in other historical measurements over the Southern Ocean by Bigg (B) (22), from the Gulf of Mexico by Rosinski et al (R) (24), and from off the east coast of Nova Scotia by Schnell (S) (25). Error bars on data points are discussed in the text.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oceans cover the greatest percentage of the Earth's surface area and dominate in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). INPs of different types have been found in seawater, and variable production and occasional hot spots have been suggested based on past measurements of air over oceans (20,(22)(23)(24)(25), with a common inference that specially active or abundant sources are from oceanic biological microorganisms, or are mediated by the products of their life processes (20,23,(26)(27)(28). For example, relation between INP emissions and emitted primary organic material in SSA has been proposed and used in modeling studies (20,28).…”

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confidence: 99%

Sea spray aerosol as a unique source of ice nucleating particles

DeMott

Hill

McCluskey

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

404

495

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Ice nucleating particles (INPs) are vital for ice initiation in, and precipitation from, mixed-phase clouds. A source of INPs from oceans within sea spray aerosol (SSA) emissions has been suggested in previous studies but remained unconfirmed. Here, we show that INPs are emitted using real wave breaking in a laboratory flume to produce SSA. The number concentrations of INPs from laboratorygenerated SSA, when normalized to typical total aerosol number concentrations in the marine boundary layer, agree well with measurements from diverse regions over the oceans. Data in the present study are also in accord with previously published INP measurements made over remote ocean regions. INP number concentrations active within liquid water droplets increase exponentially in number with a decrease in temperature below 0°C, averaging an order of magnitude increase per 5°C interval. The plausibility of a strong increase in SSA INP emissions in association with phytoplankton blooms is also shown in laboratory simulations. Nevertheless, INP number concentrations, or active site densities approximated using "dry" geometric SSA surface areas, are a few orders of magnitude lower than corresponding concentrations or site densities in the surface boundary layer over continental regions. These findings have important implications for cloud radiative forcing and precipitation within low-level and midlevel marine clouds unaffected by continental INP sources, such as may occur over the Southern Ocean.marine aerosols | ice nucleation | clouds

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“…Field and laboratory studies have shown that the seasurface microlayer and bulk seawater contain INPs and that these INPs can be emitted to the atmosphere by the bubblebursting mechanism (Alpert et al" 2011a, b;Blanchard, 1964;DeMott et al, 2015;Fahlgren et al, 2015;Fall and Schnell, 1985;Knopf and Forrester, 2011;Prather et al, 2013;Rosinski et al, 1988;Schnell, 1977;Vali, 1975, 1976;Vali et al, 1976;Wang et al, 2015;Wilson et al, 2015). The sea-surface microlayer (herein referred to as the microlayer) is the interface between the ocean and the atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice-nucleating particles in Canadian Arctic sea-surface microlayer and bulk seawater

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The sea-surface microlayer and bulk seawater can contain ice-nucleating particles (INPs) and these INPs can be emitted into the atmosphere. Our current understanding of the properties, concentrations, and spatial and temporal distributions of INPs in the microlayer and bulk seawater is limited. In this study we investigate the concentrations and properties of INPs in microlayer and bulk seawater samples collected in the Canadian Arctic during the summer of 2014. INPs were ubiquitous in the microlayer and bulk seawater with freezing temperatures in the immersion mode as high as −14 • C. A strong negative correlation (R = −0.7, p = 0.02) was observed between salinity and freezing temperatures (after correction for freezing depression by the salts). One possible explanation is that INPs were associated with melting sea ice. Heat and filtration treatments of the samples show that the INPs were likely heat-labile biological materials with sizes between 0.02 and 0.2 µm in diameter, consistent with previous measurements off the coast of North America and near Greenland in the Arctic. The concentrations of INPs in the microlayer and bulk seawater were consistent with previous measurements at several other locations off the coast of North America. However, our average microlayer concentration was lower than previous observations made near Greenland in the Arctic. This difference could not be explained by chlorophyll a concentrations derived from satellite measurements. In addition, previous studies found significant INP enrichment in the microlayer, relative to bulk seawater, which we did not observe in this study. While further studies are needed to understand these differences, we confirm that there is a source of INP in the microlayer and bulk seawater in the Canadian Arctic that may be important for atmospheric INP concentrations.

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Ice-forming nuclei in air masses over the Gulf of Mexico

Cited by 43 publications

References 10 publications

Version with tracked changed after the reviewers comments

Version with tracked changed after the reviewers comments

Sea spray aerosol as a unique source of ice nucleating particles

Ice-nucleating particles in Canadian Arctic sea-surface microlayer and bulk seawater

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