Ice hockey officiating retention: a qualitative understanding of junior ice hockey officials’ motivations in Canada

Fowler, Brian; Smith, Jimmy; Nordstrom, Heidi; T, Ferguson

doi:10.1080/23750472.2019.1565944

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Participants also described incidents that they experienced or witnessed referees who seemingly could not cope with the responsibility of being a referee, including making split-second decisions or remaining calm when facing verbal or physical mistreatment. The threat and perpetration of verbal and physical abuse also has been documented (Ackery et al, 2012;Fowler et al, 2019). However, there are mixed reports of referee perceptions of abuse.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Hockey Canada, a national governing body of ice hockey and ice sledge hockey, reported a 33% loss in registered officials each year for the past decade. The Ontario Hockey Federation, a regional branch of Hockey Canada, experienced a 15% decrease in registered officials between 2014 and 2017 (Fowler et al, 2019). Brackenridge et al (2011) described a 17% loss of active officials between 2008 and 2009 for the English Football Association, the oldest governing body of football in the world.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Refereeing as a Postathletic Career Option

Bright

Warner

Zvosec

2022

Journal of Sport Management

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Athletes may be especially primed to become referees; yet, we do not know what former athletes think about this career choice. To address the worldwide referee shortage, it is important to better understand athletes’ perceptions of refereeing. From a Career Contingency Model framework, it is evident athletes’ perception would influence their decision to consider refereeing. This study’s aim was to examine athletes’ perceptions of the refereeing environment (RQ1) and identify referee recruitment barriers (RQ2). Utilizing a descriptive phenomenological approach, 23 current and former athletes took part in semistructured interviews based on their lived experience as an athlete. The participants identified the officiating environment as a high-stress environment with financial instability, while time and lack of knowledge and support were identified as recruitment barriers. The results contributed to the burgeoning line of research attempting to address the global referee shortage and provide both theoretical and practical implications for sport managers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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confidence: 99%

Refereeing as a Postathletic Career Option

Bright

Warner

Zvosec

2022

Journal of Sport Management

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“…Referees, players, and coaches alike share a passion for the sport of handball. The commitment and dedication associated with the numerous hours spent on the activity of officiating described by Fowler, Smith, Nordstrom, and Ferguson ( 2019 ) illustrate the intrinsic motivation that keeps referees in the officiating profession. The feeling of sporting togetherness among the referees on the one hand, and the predominantly respectful and trusting environment in handball on the other, create an environment for all involved in which everyone can experience sporting enjoyment and fulfilment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality profile of amateur team handball referees

Dodt

Fasold

Memmert

2022

Ger J Exerc Sport Res

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Referees play a central role in competitive sport. Particularly in amateur sport, referees contribute significantly to making participation in sport possible for the masses. However, considering that every referee’s career starts at the grassroots level, it is very surprising that there has been no research on the personality traits of amateur referees so far. The current state of research indicates that personality is an essential component of the requirement profile of referees. Personality has been associated with job performance, particularly with regard to resilience and coping with pressure. Personality also affects effective game management in terms of influencing actions in the game in a preventative and proactive manner. This study, therefore, examines the personality profile of amateur handball referees (n = 582) for the first time using the German version of the Big Five Inventory 2 (BFI-2). Current data from German handball referees at the expert level and the German general population were used to compare and discuss the results. Except for lower scores in the domain of extraversion and the facets of sociability and energy level as well as a higher score in the facet of aesthetic sensitivity, amateur referees did not differ significantly from expert referees. In relation to the general population, the results indicate that handball referees, regardless of performance level, have higher scores in assertiveness, emotional stability, and responsibility. Our findings create awareness of personality traits in handball refereeing and illustrate the applied relevance of personality research, e.g., for coaching or recruitment activities.

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“…Seeking social support from those close is a frequently used coping strategy of sports officials [31]. Family have been acknowledged as a strong motivational factor for participation as a sports official [51] and as such encouraging officials to build their social relationships around officiating practice may promote better PWB. Similar findings have been made in the organisational psychology literature [52].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An inability to do this has the potential to negatively impact officials' PWB. Most officials participate not as a primary occupation or as a means of generating meaningful income, but rather as a form of enjoyment [51]. This demonstrates a willingness to commit free time to the activity, but officials can be further supported in this.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Negative Emotional Symptoms and Psychological Wellbeing of Australian Sport Officials

Carson

Dynon

Santoro

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Sports officials are exposed to numerous performance and personal stressors, however little is known about their mental health and psychological wellbeing. This study investigated levels of mental health and psychological wellbeing of sports officials in Australia, and the demographic, officiating, and workplace factors associated with these outcomes. An online survey consisting of demographic and officiating questions, and measures of work engagement, mental health and psychological wellbeing was completed by 317 officials. A negative emotional symptoms score was computed. Associations between key demographic, officiating, and workplace factors with negative emotional symptoms and psychological wellbeing were assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Officials who were younger, not in a committed relationship, having lower levels of education, and less officiating experience reported higher levels of negative emotional symptoms, while males, older than 50 years, in a committed relationship and more officiating experience had higher levels of psychological wellbeing. The ability to self-manage workload and demonstrate professional autonomy were strongly associated with negative emotional symptoms and psychological wellbeing. Officials reported high negative emotional symptoms, but also high levels of psychological wellbeing. The ability to manage workload and to express professional autonomy are important determinants of mental health and wellbeing levels of sports officials.

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Ice hockey officiating retention: a qualitative understanding of junior ice hockey officials’ motivations in Canada

Cited by 11 publications

References 27 publications

Refereeing as a Postathletic Career Option

Refereeing as a Postathletic Career Option

Personality profile of amateur team handball referees

Examining Negative Emotional Symptoms and Psychological Wellbeing of Australian Sport Officials

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