Ice internal friction: Standard theoretical perspectives on friction codified, adapted for the unusual rheology of ice, and unified

Hatton, Deborah D.; Sammonds, Peter; Feltham, D. L.

doi:10.1080/14786430903113769

Cited by 17 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The model works well for warm ice sliding at high velocities, but can be ruled out at the low velocities of the present experiments, because calculations indicate that insufficient heat is generated to completely melt the surface (see Appendix A). An alternative, proposed by Hatton et al [2009], invokes a principle of maximum displacement for deformation normal to asperities and of minimum stress for failure under shear. Although novel, the problem with that interpretation is that the attendant model dictates zero shear strength at sliding velocities <4 × 10 −3 m s −1 [see Hatton et al , 2009, Figure 16], contrary to the present observations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An alternative, proposed by Hatton et al [2009], invokes a principle of maximum displacement for deformation normal to asperities and of minimum stress for failure under shear. Although novel, the problem with that interpretation is that the attendant model dictates zero shear strength at sliding velocities <4 × 10 −3 m s −1 [see Hatton et al , 2009, Figure 16], contrary to the present observations. Instead, and cognizant of the fact that grain size appears not to be a factor, we interpret the behavior primarily in terms of power law or dislocation creep, an interpretation that has also been offered to account as well for velocity strengthening of other natural materials (halite [ Shimamoto , 1986; Noda and Shimamoto , 2010], quartz [ Chester , 1988; Chester and Higgs , 1992], serpentine [ Reinen et al , 1991, 1992], and granite [ Kilgore et al , 1993]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Friction of ice on ice

Schulson¹,

Fortt²

2012

J. Geophys. Res.

100

133

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[1] New measurements have been made of the friction coefficient of freshwater polycrystalline ice sliding slowly (5 Â 10 À8 to 1 Â 10 À3 m s À1) upon itself at temperatures from 98 to 263 K under low normal stresses (≤98 kPa). Sliding obeys Coulomb's law: the shear stress is directly proportional to the normal stress across the interface, while cohesion offers little contribution to frictional resistance. The coefficient of kinetic friction of smooth surfaces varies from m k = 0.15 to 0.76 and, at elevated temperatures (≥223 K), exhibits both velocity strengthening at lower velocities (<10 À5 to 10 À4 m s À1 ) and velocity weakening at higher velocities. Strengthening and weakening are attributed to creep deformation of asperities and localized melting, respectively. At intermediate temperatures of 173 and 133 K, the kinetic coefficient appears to not exhibit significant dependence upon velocity. However, at the low temperature of 98 K the coefficient of kinetic friction exhibits moderate velocity strengthening at both the lowest and the highest velocities but velocity independence over the range of intermediate velocities. No effect was detected of either grain size or texture. Over the range of roughness 0.4 Â 10 À6 m ≤ R a ≤ 12 Â 10 À6 m, a moderate effect was detected, where m k ∝ R a 0.08 . Slide-hold-slide experiments revealed that the coefficient of static friction increases by an amount that scales logarithmically with holding time. Implications of the results are discussed in relation to shearing across "tiger stripe" faults within the icy crust of Saturn's Enceladus, sliding of the arctic sea ice cover and brittle compressive failure of cold ice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Friction of ice on ice

Schulson¹,

Fortt²

2012

J. Geophys. Res.

100

133

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“…Their overall friction coefficient was somewhat lower (around 0.2) and we cannot fully explain this discrepancy. However, one possibility is that the difference is due to differences in surface preparation, since Kennedy et al used a microtome to smooth surfaces to micron precision (see Gu et al [1984], Fortt and Schulson [2009], and Hatton et al [2009] for a discussion of the importance of surface characteristics in predicting rock friction and ice friction). Typical natural sea ice is likely to have initially rough sliding surfaces, which are then abraded to smoothness and lubricated by gouge over the course of sliding; this is quantified by Fortt and Schulson [2009].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The balance between friction, lubrication and freezing is further complicated by abrasion of the frictional surfaces over time, and by local and large‐scale variations in the salinity of the ice. To characterize friction effectively is therefore complicated [see Hatton et al , 2009] for a discussion of the micromechanics of ice friction). One aim of this paper is to propose a model of sea ice friction which incorporates the effects of these separate frictional processes, while maintaining sufficient simplicity to be incorporated into sea ice dynamical models [e.g., Hibler , 2001; Feltham , 2008].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A rate and state friction law for saline ice

Lishman¹,

Sammonds²,

Feltham³

2011

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] Sea ice friction models are necessary to predict the nature of interactions between sea ice floes. These interactions are of interest on a range of scales, for example, to predict loads on engineering structures in icy waters or to understand the basin-scale motion of sea ice. Many models use Amonton's friction law due to its simplicity. More advanced models allow for hydrodynamic lubrication and refreezing of asperities; however, modeling these processes leads to greatly increased complexity. In this paper we propose, by analogy with rock physics, that a rate-and state-dependent friction law allows us to incorporate memory (and thus the effects of lubrication and bonding) into ice friction models without a great increase in complexity. We support this proposal with experimental data on both the laboratory (∼0.1 m) and ice tank (∼1 m) scale. These experiments show that the effects of static contact under normal load can be incorporated into a friction model. We find the parameters for a first-order rate and state model to be A = 0.310, B = 0.382, and m 0 = 0.872. Such a model then allows us to make predictions about the nature of memory effects in moving ice-ice contacts.Citation: Lishman, B., P. Sammonds, and D. Feltham (2011), A rate and state friction law for saline ice,

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“…At lower temperatures, the ice is less ductile, so indentation may be lower and true contact area (and friction) less affected by the roughness of the aluminium. We note here that ice, as the softer material, is abraded more quickly, and so the initial roughness of the ice is less likely to affect the steady-state friction [20].…”

Section: Static Friction Between Ice and Aluminium Increases Withmentioning

confidence: 82%

The Friction of Saline Ice on Aluminium

Wallen-Russell

Lishman²

2016

Advances in Tribology

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The friction of ice on other materials controls loading on offshore structures and vessels in the Arctic. However, ice friction is complicated, because ice in nature exists near to its melting point. Frictional heating can cause local softening and perhaps melting and lubrication, thus affecting the friction and creating a feedback loop. Ice friction is therefore likely to depend on sliding speed and sliding history, as well as bulk temperature. The roughness of the sliding materials may also affect the friction. Here we present results of a series of laboratory experiments, sliding saline ice on aluminium, and controlling for roughness and temperature. We find that the friction of saline ice on aluminium ice-al = 0.1 typically, but that this value varies with sliding conditions. We propose physical models which explain the variations in sliding friction.

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Ice internal friction: Standard theoretical perspectives on friction codified, adapted for the unusual rheology of ice, and unified

Cited by 17 publications

References 34 publications

Friction of ice on ice

Friction of ice on ice

A rate and state friction law for saline ice

The Friction of Saline Ice on Aluminium

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