Ice Nucleating Particles Carried From Below a Phytoplankton Bloom to the Arctic Atmosphere

Abstract

As Arctic temperatures rise at twice the global rate, sea ice is diminishing more quickly than models can predict. Processes that dictate Arctic cloud formation and impacts on the atmospheric energy budget are poorly understood, yet crucial for evaluating the rapidly changing Arctic. In parallel, warmer temperatures afford conditions favorable for productivity of microorganisms that can effectively serve as ice nucleating particles (INPs). Yet the sources of marine biologically derived INPs remain largely unknown due to limited observations. Here we show, for the first time, how biologically derived INPs were likely transported hundreds of kilometers from deep Bering Strait waters and upwelled to the Arctic Ocean surface to become airborne, a process dependent upon a summertime phytoplankton bloom, bacterial respiration, ocean dynamics, and wind‐driven mixing. Given projected enhancement in marine productivity, combined oceanic and atmospheric transport mechanisms may play a crucial role in provision of INPs from blooms to the Arctic atmosphere.

Ice Nucleation by Marine Aerosols Over the North Atlantic Ocean in Late Spring

“…(Brooks & Thornton, 2018). Highly effective marine INPs with immersion freezing temperatures as warm as −5°C were also observed in aerosol samples collected over the Bering Sea, albeit for much larger aerosols (3 to >12 μm diameter) than sampled in the current study (Creamean et al, 2019). In comparison, we observed freezing at −21.5°C and below for Sea Sweep samples (0.06 μm to 1 μm diameter).…”

“…Bacteria from several other taxa, including Lysinibacillus, Xanthomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and additional members of Pseudomonadaceae, are also capable of acting as biological INPs at temperatures between −2°C and −8°C (Failor et al, 2017;Kim et al, 1987;Lindow et al, 1978). Growing interest in this topic has led to a number of observations on the ice nucleating behavior of marine aerosols (Brooks & Thornton, 2018;Creamean et al, 2019;DeMott et al, 2016;Huang et al, 2018;Irish et al, 2017Irish et al, , 2019Ladino et al, 2016;McCluskey et al, 2017McCluskey et al, , 2018Wilson et al, 2015).…”

The ice-nucleating activity of Arctic sea surface microlayer samples and marine algal cultures

“…Typically, only a small fraction of aerosol particles has the ability to nucleate ice. Despite increasing interest in INPs (Szyrmer and Zawadzki, 1997;Hoose and Möhler, 2012;DeMott et al, 2010), it is still uncertain which types of aerosol particles constitute good INPs in the atmosphere (Kanji et al, 2017). Aerosol particles known to nucleate ice crystals by heterogeneous freezing in mixed-phase clouds include mineral dust, volcanic ash, and primary biological particles, such as pollen, fungi, and bacteria as well as their fragments (Hoose and Möhler, 2012).…”

review

“…I don't want you to cite all of them, it's just to show you why I think this sentence needs revision (or deletion). line 42: "sea spray aerosol could be an important source of INP" -again, it can't be expected that you give a complete review here, but as this is a focus of your work, I wanted to point out these papers on the topic: McCluskey et al, (2018a, b) and Creamean et al (2019).…”

“…But there are results you can summarize! Table 1: As you try to give an overview here, including the papers I referred to above makes sense (McCluskey et al, 2018a,b;Creamean et al, 2019;Gong et al, 2020). And there is one more for coastal Mexico by Ladino et al, (2019) which may fit.…”