Ice shedding from overhead electrical lines by mechanical breaking :

Ice shedding from cables and conductors :

“…The predetermined crack surfaces were assumed to be initially partially bonded so that the crack According to this model the strain of crack-activity is negligible. Hooke's law of elasticity relates the strain field to the corresponding stress applied to a monocrystal by (Eskandarian, 2005):…”

“…The relationship between the plastic strain increment and the applied stress was defined by the flow rule (Eskandarian, 2005): where g x denotes the potential function ,X P X , the plastic consistency parameter of the yield surface^, and N is the total number of plastic flow systems.…”

“…Glaze deposits on electrical cables can be considered as SI or S2 ice (Eskandarian, 2005) For compression at strain rates lower than 10'V 1 , ice shows ductile behaviour that is non-linear and generally viscoelastic up to very large viscous strains with no sign of material damage or microcrack formation, while the ductile regime in tension is associated with strain rates less than 10"V.…”

“…The Young's modulus of atmospheric ice is E=9.31 GPa and Poisson's ratio of 0.319 (Eskandarian, 2005). The analysis was carried out in two stages.…”

“…The principal elastic compliance of a polycrystalline material is determined by taking a spatial average of the elastic constants of all the crystals using a uniform probability density function (Nanthikesan and Sunder, 1994). Eskandarian (2005) obtained the upper and lower boundaries, as well as the average values of polycrystalline elastic constants. He obtained the upper limit of the elastic constants by assuming that all the grains undergo the same uniform strain (Voigt, 1910), and the lower limits of the elastic constants by assuming the uniform stress field for all the grains (Reuss, 1929).…”