Iceland’s external affairs in the Middle Ages: The shelter of Norwegian sea power

Abstract

According to the international relations literature, small countries need to form an alliance with larger neighbours in order to defend themselves and be economically sustainable. This paper applies the assumption that small states need economic and political shelter in order to prosper, economically and politically, to the case of Iceland, in an historical context. It analyses whether or not Iceland, as a small entity/country in the Middle Ages (from the Settlement in the 9th and 10th centuries until the late 14th century) enjoyed political and economic shelter provided by its neighbouring states. Admitting that societies were generally much more self-sufficient in the Middle Ages than in our times, the paper argues that Iceland enjoyed essential economic shelter from Norwegian sea power, particularly as regards its role in securing external market access. On the other hand, the transfer of formal political authority from Iceland to the Norwegian crown was the political price paid for this shelter, though the Icelandic domestic elite, at the time, may have regarded it as a political cover. The country’s peripheral location shielded it both from military attacks from outsiders and the king’s day-to-day interference in domestic affairs. That said, the island was not at all unexposed to political and social developments in the British Isles and on the European continent, e.g. as regards the conversion to Christianity and the formation of dynastic and larger states. This paper claims that the analysis of the need for shelter needs to take into account the political and economical costs that may be involved in a shield. Also, it needs to address how external actors may solve the problem of internal order. Moreover, an analysis from the point of view of the advantages of political or military shelter needs to address the importance of the extent of engagement of a small community, particularly a remote one, with the outside world. The level of engagement and the identity of the entity with which reciprocal transactions take place may have an important bearing on the community. This was the case in Iceland, i.e. communication with the outside world was of immense importance during the Middle Ages. Hence, the paper suggests that an analysis of the means by which shelter was secured must address the importance of communication according to the centre-periphery relations model.

Scotland as an Independent Small State: Where would it seek shelter?

“…Political shelter includes direct and visible diplomatic or operational backing in any given need, and help in achieving favourable organizational rules and norms in the international system (Thorhallsson 2011). Societal shelter may include good external cultural and social communication (Thorhallsson 2012b) in accordance with Rokkan and Urwin´s (1983) centre-periphery relations model. All shelter has a cost.…”

Iceland’s External Affairs from the Napoleonic Era to the occupation of Denmark: Danish and British Shelter

“…It will cover part of the 'Danish period' from 1815, at the end of the Napoleonic wars, until 1940 when Danish-Icelandic relations were severed by the German occupation of Denmark. The previous three papers have examined 'the Norwegian Period' (from the Settlement to 1400), 'the English and German Periods' (from c. 1400 to the Reformation in the mid-16 th century) and the first part of the 'Danish Period' until the end of the Napoleonic era (see Þórhallsson 2012;Þórhallsson & Kristinsson 2013;Þórhallsson & Joensen 2014).…”

Iceland’s External Affairs from 1550-1815: Danish societal and political cover concurrent with a highly costly economic policy

“…The previous two papers have examined 'the Norwegian Period', from the Settlement up to 1400 and 'the English and German Periods', from about 1400 up to the Reformation in the mid-16 th century, respectively (see Þórhallsson 2012;Þórhallsson and Kristinsson 2013). This paper will cover the first half of the Danish period, i.e.…”