Ichthyophthiriasis in carp Cyprinus carpio:infectivity of trophonts prematurely exiting both the immune and non-immune host

Wahli, Thomas; Matthews, RA

doi:10.3354/dao036201

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Cross-binding of these proteins by antibodies causes the parasites to prematurely exit an immune host [8], [20], [21]. This makes the I-ags potential vaccine candidates and some immunization trials have confirmed their potential as efficient inducers of immunity [22]–[24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches towards DNA Vaccination against a Skin Ciliate Parasite in Fish

et al. 2012

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Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were immunized with plasmid DNA vaccine constructs encoding selected antigens from the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Two immobilization antigens (I-ags) and one cysteine protease were tested as genetic vaccine antigen candidates. Antigenicity was evaluated by immunostaining of transfected fish cells using I-ag specific mono- and polyclonal antibodies. I. multifiliis specific antibody production, regulation of immune-relevant genes and/or protection in terms of parasite burden or mortality was measured to evaluate the induced immune response in vaccinated fish. Apart from intramuscular injection, needle free injection and gene gun delivery were tested as alternative administration techniques. For the I-ags the complement protein fragment C3d and the termini of the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus glyco(G)protein (VHSV G) were tested as opsonisation and cellular localisation mediators, respectively, while the full length viral G protein was tested as molecular adjuvant. Expression of I-ags in transfected fish cells was demonstrated for several constructs and by immunohistochemistry it was possible to detect expression of a secreted form of the Iag52B in the muscle cells of injected fish. Up-regulations of mRNA coding for IgM, MHC I, MHC II and TCR β, respectively, were observed in muscle tissue at the injection site in selected trials. In the spleen up-regulations were found for IFN-γ and IL-10. The highest up-regulations were seen following co-administration of I-ag and cysteine protease plasmid constructs. This correlated with a slight elevation of an I. multifiliis specific antibody response. However, in spite of detectable antigen expression and immune reactions, none of the tested vaccination strategies provided significant protection. This might suggest an insufficiency of DNA vaccination alone to trigger protective mechanisms against I. multifiliis or that other or additional parasite antigens are required for such a vaccine to be successful.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches towards DNA Vaccination against a Skin Ciliate Parasite in Fish

et al. 2012

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“…This mechanism results in complete, or partial, resistance to infection, otherwise known as immunity. Recent studies have suggested that rather than killing the infective stages of I. multifiliis the parasites may be forced to exit the fish prematurely in response to antibody binding (Wahli & Matthews, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in initial and acquired resistance to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis between populations of rainbowfish

Gleeson

McCallum

Owens

2000

Journal of Fish Biology

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Wild-caught rainbowfish Melanotaenia spp. originating from three isolated populations were infected with a quantified dosage of parasites Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in a controlled environment. The Melanotaenia eachamensis from Dirran Creek were much more susceptible to ichthyophthiriasis than were M. splendida from the Lake Tinaroo or Bluewater Creek populations. When the highly susceptible Dirran Creek rainbowfish were crossed with rainbowfish from a fourth population, Lake Eacham M. eachamensis, they produced hybrids with significantly higher resistance than pure-bred Dirran Creek, but not higher than pure-bred Lake Eacham fish. Hence, intraspecific hybridization increased resistance to I. multifiliis infection in M. eachamensis. Hosts from all three populations were much less susceptible to infection on their second exposure to the parasite. However, the Bluewater Creek population was better able to acquire immunity to I. multifiliis than either the Dirran Creek or Lake Tinaroo populations. It is tentatively suggested that there may be a link between the heterozygosity of populations of rainbowfish and their initial ability to resist infection by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. 2000 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles

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“…The i-antigen is a single polypeptide chain that -in combination with adjuvant -is a protective immunogen when administered i.p. Interestingly, Cross and Matthews (1992) and Wahli and Matthews (1999) found that immune responses following exposure to sublethal levels of live theronts do not seem to prevent theronts from penetrating into the epidermis of carp during subsequent challenge with a lethal level but promote exit of most trophonts within 2 h. These exited trophonts were still infective (Wahli and Matthews, 1999). Despite lymphopenia (Hines and Spira, 1973) both systemic and mucosal antibody production has been shown after infection, and antibodies seem to play a major role in protective immunity (Dickerson and Findly, 2014).…”

Section: Adaptive Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%