“…A few studies have assessed China's recent "Information to the Countryside" program initiated in 2009, which required state-owned telecommunications carriers to integrate traditional "access" and value-added "applications" into a single package in rural areas, and found that although certain noticeable achievements have been made in terms of the increased numbers of rural government websites, rural information stations, and agriculture-related websites, this nationwide informatization program was fragmented under a powerful ideological influence that has led to unclear institutional arrangements and regulatory confusion (Hanna et al, 2009;Xia, 2010). Two separate case studies conducted at the provincial level revealed similar problematic issues, such as a lack of vision, coherent strategy, accountability, and a sustainable business model (Liu, 2012;Ting & Yi, 2012).…”