ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Arteriviridae 2021

Brinton, Margo A.; Gulyaeva, Anastasia; Balasuriya, Udeni B. R.; Dunowska, Magdalena; Faaberg, Kay S.; Goldberg, Tony L.; Leung, Fung Ping; Nauwynck, Hans; Snijder, Eric J.; Stadejek, Tomasz; Gorbalenya, Alexander E.

doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001632

Cited by 109 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The etiologic agent, PRRS virus (PRRSV), is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus classified within the order Nidovirales, family Arteriviridae. The current family Arteriviridae is further specified into six subfamilies, including Variarterivirinae, Zealarterivirinae, Equarterivirinae, Simarterivirinae, Crocarterivirinae, and Heroarterivirinae [2,3]. The viral genome of PRRSV is approximately 15 kb in length and comprises at least 10 open reading frames (ORFs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanopore-Based Direct RNA-Sequencing Reveals a High-Resolution Transcriptional Landscape of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2021

Viruses

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The TRS-mediated discontinuous transcription process is a hallmark of Arteriviruses. Precise assessment of the intricate subgenomic RNA (sg mRNA) populations is required to understand the kinetics of viral transcription. It is difficult to reconstruct and comprehensively quantify splicing events using short-read sequencing, making the identification of transcription-regulatory sequences (TRS) particularly problematic. Here, we applied long-read direct RNA sequencing to characterize the recombined RNA molecules produced in porcine alveolar macrophages during early passage infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Based on sequencing two PRRSV isolates, namely XM-2020 and GD, we revealed a high-resolution and diverse transcriptional landscape in PRRSV. The data revealed intriguing differences in subgenomic recombination types between the two PRRSVs while also demonstrating TRS-independent heterogeneous subpopulation not previously observed in Arteriviruses. We find that TRS usage is a regulated process and share the common preferred TRS in both strains. This study also identified a substantial number of TRS-mediated transcript variants, including alternative-sg mRNAs encoding the same annotated ORF, as well as putative sg mRNAs encoded nested internal ORFs, implying that the genetic information encoded in PRRSV may be more intensively expressed. Epigenetic modifications have emerged as an essential regulatory layer in gene expression. Here, we gained a deeper understanding of m5C modification in poly(A) RNA, elucidating a potential link between methylation and transcriptional regulation. Collectively, our findings provided meaningful insights for redefining the transcriptome complexity of PRRSV. This will assist in filling the research gaps and developing strategies for better control of the PRRS.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanopore-Based Direct RNA-Sequencing Reveals a High-Resolution Transcriptional Landscape of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…Reproductive failure is characterized by abortion, mummified fetuses, weak birth and stillbirth, postweaning pneumonia, increased mortality, and growth retardation of young pigs [3,5]. The causative agent, PRRSV, is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus (~15 kb) that is classified to the Betaaarterivirus by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), belonging to the order Nidovirales, the Arteriviridae family [6][7][8][9]. The PRRSV genome encodes at least 10 open reading frames (ORFs) consisting of ORF1a, ORF1b, ORF2a, ORF2b, ORF3, ORF4, ORF5a, ORF5, ORF6, and ORF7 [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on sequence analysis by the ICTV, the two genotypes of PRRSV, PRRSV1 and PRRSV2, are classified into two distinct viral species as Betaaarterivirus suid 1 and Betaaarterivirus 2 [9]. High levels of genetic variability exist within PRRSVs, which is caused by mutations and recombination among PRRSV strains [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Cross-Protective Efficacy of a Chimeric PRRSV Vaccine against Two Genetically Diverse PRRSV2 Field Strains in a Reproductive Model

et al. 2021

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Despite the routine use of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)-modified live vaccines, serious concerns are currently being raised due to their quick reversion to virulence and limited cross-protection against divergent PRRS virus (PRRSV) strains circulating in the field. Therefore, a PRRS chimeric vaccine (JB1) was produced using a DNA-launched infectious clone by replacing open reading frames (ORFs) 3–6 with those from a mixture of two genetically different PRRSV2 strains (K07–2273 and K08–1054) and ORF1a with that from a mutation-resistant PRRSV strain (RVRp22) exhibiting an attenuated phenotype. To evaluate the safety and cross-protective efficacy of JB1 in a reproductive model, eight PRRS-negative pregnant sows were purchased and divided into four groups. Four sows in two of the groups were vaccinated with JB1, and the other 4 sows were untreated at gestational day 60. At gestational day 93, one vaccinated group and one nonvaccinated group each were challenged with either K07–2273 or K08–1054. All of the sows aborted or delivered until gestation day 115 (24 days post challenge), and the newborn piglets were observed up to the 28th day after birth, which was the end of the experiment. Overall, pregnant sows of the JB1-vaccinated groups showed no meaningful viremia after vaccination and significant reductions in viremia with K07–2273 and K08–1054, exhibiting significantly higher levels of serum virus-neutralizing antibodies than non-vaccinated sows. Moreover, the JB1-vaccinated groups did not exhibit any abortion due to vaccination and showed improved piglet viability and birth weight. The piglets from JB1-vaccinated sows displayed lower viral concentrations in serum and fewer lung lesions compared with those of the piglets from the nonvaccinated sows. Therefore, JB1 is a safe and effective vaccine candidate that confers simultaneous protection against two genetically different PRRSV strains.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PRRSV belongs to the genus Betaarterivirus, family Arteriviridae, and order Nidovirales [8,9]. PRRSV is currently classified into two distinct species: Betaarterivirus suid 1 (PRRSV-1) and Betaarterivirus suid 2 (PRRSV-2) [9]. Both PRRSVs have been circulating in China for decades, and have caused substantial economic losses in the Chinese pig industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Detection of NADC34-like PRRSV as a Main Epidemic Strain on a Large Farm in China

Gong

Sun

et al. 2021

Pathogens

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The newly emerged sublineage 1.5 (NADC34-like) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has posed a direct threat to the Chinese pig industry since 2018. However, the prevalence and impact of NADC34-like PRRSV on Chinese pig farms is unclear. In the present study, we continuously monitored pathogens—including PRRSV, African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)—on a fattening pig farm with strict biosecurity practices located in Heilongjiang Province, China, from 2020 to 2021. The results showed that multiple types of PRRSV coexisted on a single pig farm. NADC30-like and NADC34-like PRRSVs were the predominant strains on this pig farm. Importantly, NADC34-like PRRSV—detected during the period of peak mortality—was one of the predominant strains on this pig farm. Sequence alignment suggested that these strains shared the same 100 aa deletion in the NSP2 protein as IA/2014/NADC34 isolated from the United States (U.S.) in 2014. Phylogenetic analysis based on open reading frame 5 (ORF5) showed that the genetic diversity of NADC34-like PRRSV on this farm was relatively singular, but it had a relatively high rate of evolution. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern analysis showed that almost all ORF5 RFLPs were 1-7-4, with one 1-4-4. In addition, two complete genomes of NADC34-like PRRSVs were sequenced. Recombination analysis and sequence alignment demonstrated that both viruses, with 98.9% nucleotide similarity, were non-recombinant viruses. This study reports the prevalence and characteristics of NADC34-like PRRSVs on a large-scale breeding farm in northern China for the first time. These results will help to reveal the impact of NADC34-like PRRSVs on Chinese pig farms, and provide a reference for the detection and further prevention and control of NADC34-like PRRSVs.

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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Arteriviridae 2021

Cited by 109 publications

References 4 publications

Nanopore-Based Direct RNA-Sequencing Reveals a High-Resolution Transcriptional Landscape of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Nanopore-Based Direct RNA-Sequencing Reveals a High-Resolution Transcriptional Landscape of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Evaluation of the Cross-Protective Efficacy of a Chimeric PRRSV Vaccine against Two Genetically Diverse PRRSV2 Field Strains in a Reproductive Model

First Detection of NADC34-like PRRSV as a Main Epidemic Strain on a Large Farm in China

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