Identification, Analysis and Characterization of Base Units of Bird Vocal Communication: The White Spectacled Bulbul (Pycnonotus xanthopygos) as a Case Study

Abstract

Animal vocal communication is a broad and multi-disciplinary field of research. Studying various aspects of communication can provide key elements for understanding animal behavior, evolution, and cognition. Given the large amount of acoustic data accumulated from automated recorders, for which manual annotation and analysis is impractical, there is a growing need to develop algorithms and automatic methods for analyzing and identifying animal sounds. In this study we developed an automatic detection and analysis system based on audio signal processing algorithms and deep learning that is capable of processing and analyzing large volumes of data without human bias. We selected the White Spectacled Bulbul (Pycnonotus xanthopygos) as our bird model because it has a complex vocal communication system with a large repertoire which is used by both sexes, year-round. It is a common, widespread passerine in Israel, which is relatively easy to locate and record in a broad range of habitats. Like many passerines, the Bulbul’s vocal communication consists of two primary hierarchies of utterances, syllables and words. To extract each of these units’ characteristics, the fundamental frequency contour was modeled using a low degree Legendre polynomial, enabling it to capture the different patterns of variation from different vocalizations, so that each pattern could be effectively expressed using very few coefficients. In addition, a mel-spectrogram was computed for each unit, and several features were extracted both in the time-domain (e.g., zero-crossing rate and energy) and frequency-domain (e.g., spectral centroid and spectral flatness). We applied both linear and non-linear dimensionality reduction algorithms on feature vectors and validated the findings that were obtained manually, namely by listening and examining the spectrograms visually. Using these algorithms, we show that the Bulbul has a complex vocabulary of more than 30 words, that there are multiple syllables that are combined in different words, and that a particular syllable can appear in several words. Using our system, researchers will be able to analyze hundreds of hours of audio recordings, to obtain objective evaluation of repertoires, and to identify different vocal units and distinguish between them, thus gaining a broad perspective on bird vocal communication.

Behavioural Repeatability and Behavioural Syndrome in the Dung Beetle Copris umbilicatus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)

“…The frequency at the 97.5 quantile was considered a good approximation of the maximum frequency, which we decided not to use to avoid problems of incorporating sounds not emitted by the insect, namely occasional accidental sounds such as those caused by the operator’s finger or an insect’s leg hitting the sound level meter. (3) ‘Spectral flatness’ is defined as the ratio of the geometric mean to the arithmetic mean of a power spectrum [ 64 , 65 ]. Spectral flatness, calculated with the function sfm considering the entire spectrogram for each recording, quantifies how close a sound is to being a pure tone (i.e., a sound with a sine wave) versus a noise [ 66 ].…”

“…(3) 'Spectral flatness' is defined as the ratio of the geometric mean to the arithmetic mean of a power spectrum [64,65]. Spectral flatness, calculated with the function sfm considering the entire spectrogram for each recording, quantifies how close a sound is to being a pure tone (i.e., a sound with a sine wave) versus a noise [66].…”