Identification and characterization of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler causing Ceratonia Blight disease of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) in Turkey

Basım, Hüseyin; Basım, Esin; Baki, Derya; Abdulai, Muntala; Öztürk, Nurhan; Balkiç, Recep

doi:10.1007/s10658-017-1354-y

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Keissl. (Ascomycota, Pleosporales) and incidence has been recorded on 10%-100% of leaves on both wild and domesticated carob trees from Turkey to Libya (Basım et al, 2018;El-Gali, 2015). Resulting cankers frequently girdle the stem or branch, causing wilting and death of distal parts (Granata et al, 2011).…”

Section: Plant Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Biological Flora:Ceratonia siliqua

Thomas,

Garcia‐Martí,

Mukassabi

et al. 2024

Journal of Ecology

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This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ceratonia siliqua L. (Carob) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the International Biological Flora: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation. Ceratonia siliqua is a lowland evergreen shrub or tree, native around the Mediterranean basin and widely cultivated in areas with a warm temperate and subtropical climate, with more than 100 named cultivars. Carob grows on a wide range of soils including nutrient‐poor and strongly calcareous, dry soils. Carob is dioecious or rarely hermaphrodite although females dominate in cultivation due to their fruit. Pollination is primarily by insects and the relatively large seeds are spread mainly by ingestion of fruits by mammals. Seed dormancy is imposed by a hard seed coat and seeds germinate readily after natural or artificial scarification. Drought tolerance is very high, acting as a drought avoiding water spender. Carob is also very tolerant of saline conditions and tolerant of fire and can act to restrict wildfire spread by generating fuel discontinuity. It shows high post‐fire regrowth. Old individuals house a diversity of associated fauna and are comparatively unaffected by serious pests and diseases. Carob has a long cultural history around the Mediterranean as a food source for humans and domesticated animals, in herbal and modern medicine and, more recently, for the carob bean gum used in a variety of domestic products and foods. Commercial production of fruits has declined over past decades but the low cultural care needed in growing orchards, potential new markets for fruit and seeds, and growing use of the tree to prevent soil erosion and sequester carbon gives carob a brighter future.

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Section: Plant Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Biological Flora:Ceratonia siliqua

Thomas,

Garcia‐Martí,

Mukassabi

et al. 2024

Journal of Ecology

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“…Among these phytopathogenic fungi, the most representative and frequent genera and species are Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, also responsible for Ceratonia blight [38], and some Pestalotiopsis species, i.e., Pestalotiopsis uvicola (Speg.) Bissett, P. maculans (Corda) Nag Raj and P. biciliata Maharachch., K.D.…”

Section: Other Fungal Leaf Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major Pathogens Affecting Carob in the Mediterranean Basin: Current Knowledge and Outlook in Italy

Castello,

Polizzi,

Vitale

2023

Pathogens

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The main pathogens affecting the carob (Ceratonia siliqua) tree in the Mediterranean basin are described in this overview. The most widespread diseases periodically occurring in carob orchards are powdery mildew (Pseudoidium ceratoniae) and cercospora leaf spot (Pseudocercospora ceratoniae). The causal agents of “black leaf spots” (e.g., Pestalotiopsis, Phyllosticta and Septoria spp.) are responsible for symptoms similar to those previously mentioned for foliar diseases, but are reported in carob orchards at a negligible frequency. Likewise, canker and branch diebacks caused by fungal species belonging to Botryosphaeriaceae are almost never recorded. Among the rots of wood tissues that may compromise old carob specimens, “brown cubical rot” caused by Laetiporus sulphureus is the most widespread and recurrent issue; this pathogen is also well-known for producing edible fruit bodies that are appreciated for pharmaceutical and industrial purposes. On the other hand, “white rots” caused by Fomes and Ganoderma species are less common and reported for the first time in this review. Gall-like protuberances on twigs of uncertain aetiology or tumors on branches associated with Rhizobium radiobacter are described, although these symptoms are seldom detected, as they are also observed for necrotic leaf spots caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. ciccaronei. A worldwide list of pathogens not yet recorded but at high risk of potential introduction in Italian carob-producing areas is also provided. Finally, concerns related to new phytopathogenic fungi vectored by the invasive Xylosandrus compactus ambrosia beetle are addressed. All the described pathogens could become limiting factors for carob production in the near future, because they could be favored by high-density orchards, the increasing global network of trade exchanges, and the high frequency at which extreme events related to climate change occur globally. Thus, symptoms and signs, causal agents, epidemiology, and, whenever applicable, recommendations for disease prevention and management are provided in this review.

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“…The plates were incubated at a temperature of 28 o C for 7 days. The fungus was identified using taxonomic keys (Ellis, 1971; Barnett and Hunter, 2006 ;Cass et al, 2015 ;Basım et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Pathogenic Fungi Used In Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of phenyl alanine ammonialyase (PAL) and some phytoalexins in Vicia faba plants infected with spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata

Al-Ameri

2023

JANS

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Biological agents are an important approach to controlling many fungal phytopathogens; plants produce phytoalexins such as phenol, alkaloids and tannins as a response to the biotic stresses. The results showed that the addition of the biological control of Trichoderma harzianum to Alternaria alternata caused an increase in the activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) after 20 days from the start of the greenhouse experiment, which was 6.21 mmol/min in the Spinal variety, compared with the enzyme activity in the treatment with A. alternata alone, which was 5.51 mmol/min. The variety Netherland mulch recorded a lower phenolic content in all treatments, and the treatment with biological control T. harzianum in addition to A. alternata had the highest content as it reached 4.50 mg/g on day 20, Netherland mulch variety showed the most amount of alkaloids and tannins than others during different periods. The plants treated with the biological control of T. harzianum contained the most alkaloids on day 20, which was 5.15% It decreased to 3.65% on day 30. The most tannins in Netherland mulch variety were in the plants treated with biological control T. harzianum alone, which was 3.93% on day 20, compared to the plants treated with A. alternata alone, which was 0.71%. The addition of biological control of T. harzianum to A. alternata increased the plant amount of tannins, which was 2.01%. The study would help to understand the role of T. harzianum as a biological control to the response of the varieties to the formation of plant defenses, including phytoalexins.

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Identification and characterization of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler causing Ceratonia Blight disease of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) in Turkey

Cited by 7 publications

References 25 publications

International Biological Flora:Ceratonia siliqua

International Biological Flora:Ceratonia siliqua

Major Pathogens Affecting Carob in the Mediterranean Basin: Current Knowledge and Outlook in Italy

Estimation of phenyl alanine ammonialyase (PAL) and some phytoalexins in Vicia faba plants infected with spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata

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