Identification and Characterization of Thymosin β‐4 in Chicken Macrophages Using Whole Cell MALDI‐TOF

Kannan, Lakshmi; Rath, N. C.; Liyanage, Rohana; Lay, Jackson O.

doi:10.1196/annals.1415.028

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…in cells which do not rapidly change their shape or their motility, clearly supports the hypothesis that Tβ4 is not a simple actin monomer binding protein. 3 The massive hepatic Tβ4 expression described in this study in some subjects, adds hepatocytes to the list of human cells able to sinthesize large amounts of the peptide in adulthood. The serum concentration of free Tβ4 has been estimated to range from 0.45 up to 1.1 µg/L, 6 which is very high when compared to the concentration of insulin or glucagon, 2 but comparable to the adenosin concentration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…2 It shows a high intracellular concentration, in cells able to rapidly increase their motility, like polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages 3,4 and mast cells. 5 There exist about 15 highly homologous β-thymosin variants, containing 40 to 44 amino acid residues, that are found not only inside of cells but also in extracellular fluids, such as blood serum, 6 saliva, 7 wound fluid, 8 and lacrimal secretion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expression pattern of thymosin beta 4 in the adult human liver

et al. 2011

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Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a member of beta-thymosins, a family of small peptides involved in polymerization of G-actin, and in many critical biological processes including apoptosis, cell migration, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. Previous studies in the newborn liver did not reveal any significant reactivity for Tβ4 during the intrauterine life. The aim of the present study was to investigate by immunohistochemistry Tβ4 expression in the adult normal liver. Thirty-five human liver samples, including 11 needle liver biopsies and 24 liver specimens obtained at autopsy, in which no pathological change was detected at the histological examination, were immunostained utilizing an anti-Tβ4 commercial antibody. Tβ4 was detected in the hepatocytes of all adult normal livers examined. A zonation of Tβ4 expression was evident in the vast majority of cases. Immunostaining was preferentially detected in zone 3, while a minor degree of reactivity was detected in periportal hepatocytes (zone 1). At higher power, Tβ4-reactive granules appeared mainly localized at the biliary pole of hepatocytes. In cases with a strong immunostaining, even perinuclear areas and the sinusoidal pole of hepatocytes appeared interested by immunoreactivity for Tβ4. The current work first evidences a strong diffuse expression of Tβ4 in the adult human liver, and adds hepatocytes to the list of human cells able to synthesize large amounts of Tβ4 in adulthood. Moreover, Tβ4 should be added to the liver proteins characterized by a zonate expression pattern, in a descending gradient from the terminal vein to the periportal areas of the liver acinus. Identifying the intimate role played by this peptide intracellularly and extracellularly, in physiology and in different liver diseases, is a major challenge for future research focusing on Tβ4.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression pattern of thymosin beta 4 in the adult human liver

et al. 2011

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“…Chicken macrophages (HTC; chicken monocyte cell line) were cultivated in RPMI 1640 with 10% FBS. The cells were activated and plated as described previously (42,43). Twenty-four hours prior to infection, the cells were seeded in 24-well tissue culture plates and incubated at 39°C under 5% CO 2 to form a monolayer.…”

Section: Bacterial Strains and Dosingmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Feed Supplementation of trans -Cinnamaldehyde Reduces Layer-Chicken Egg-Borne Transmission of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis

Upadhyaya

Upadhyay

Johny

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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c Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a major foodborne pathogen in the United States, causing gastroenteritis in humans, primarily through consumption of contaminated eggs. Chickens are the reservoir host of S. Enteritidis. In layer hens, S. Enteritidis colonizes the intestine and migrates to various organs, including the oviduct, leading to egg contamination. This study investigated the efficacy of in-feed supplementation with trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) plant compound obtained from cinnamon, in reducing S. Enteritidis cecal colonization and systemic spread in layers. Additionally, the effect of TC on S. Enteritidis virulence factors critical for macrophage survival and oviduct colonization was investigated in vitro. The consumer acceptability of eggs was also determined by a triangle test. Supplementation of TC in feed for 66 days at 1 or 1.5% (vol/wt) for 40-or 25-week-old layer chickens decreased the amounts of S. Enteritidis on eggshell and in yolk (P < 0.001). Additionally, S. Enteritidis persistence in the cecum, liver, and oviduct in TC-supplemented birds was decreased compared to that in controls (P < 0.001). No significant differences in feed intake, body weight, or egg production in birds or in consumer acceptability of eggs were observed (P > 0.05). In vitro cell culture assays revealed that TC reduced S. Enteritidis adhesion to and invasion of primary chicken oviduct epithelial cells and reduced S. Enteritidis survival in chicken macrophages (P < 0.001). Follow-up gene expression analysis using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) showed that TC downregulated the expression of S. Enteritidis virulence genes critical for chicken oviduct colonization (P < 0.001). The results suggest that TC may potentially be used as a feed additive to reduce egg-borne transmission of S. Enteritidis. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the major foodborne pathogens in the United States responsible for causing enteric illnesses in humans (1). Eggs are the primary source of S. Enteritidis infection of humans (1, 2). Approximately 90 billion eggs are produced and 67.5 billion shell eggs consumed annually in the United States (3). Thus, the microbiological safety of eggs is a major concern to the government, the poultry industry, and consumers due to the potential impacts on public health and the economy. Chickens act as asymptomatic carriers of S. Enteritidis, resulting in its environmental dissemination and potential infection of humans. Humans contract S. Enteritidis infection via consumption of contaminated, raw, or undercooked eggs, and several epidemiological studies have confirmed this association between human salmonellosis and egg consumption (4, 5).Despite the implementation of various pre-and postharvest control measures, S. Enteritidis remains a major cause of eggborne disease outbreaks in the United States (1). Recently, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that the incidence of foodborne salmonellosis did not decrease signi...

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“…Peaks with m/z ≤ 3,500 were identified and characterized using MALDI-LIFT-TOF/TOF. Some of the peaks in the mass spectra were identified from prior work in our laboratory (Kannan et al, 2007;Kannan et al, 2009). Only the differentially expressed peak was further characterized by MALDI in source decay (ISD) using both TOF and Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) and 1, 5 diaminonapthalene (DAN) as the matrix.…”

Section: Serum Collection and Peptide Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%