Identification and Classification of Technical Lignins by means of Principle Component Analysis and k‐Nearest Neighbor Algorithm

Abstract

The characterization of technical lignins is a key step for the efficient use and processing of this material into valuable chemicals and for quality control. In this study 31 lignin samples were prepared from different biomass sources (hardwood, softwood, straw, grass) and different pulping processes (sulfite, Kraft, organosolv). Each lignin was analyzed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy. Statistical analysis of the ATR-FT-IR spectra by means of principal component analysis (PCA) showed significant differences between the lignins. Hence, the samples can be separated by PCA according to the original biomass. The differences observed in the ATR-FT-IR spectra result primarily from the relative ratios of the p-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl and syringyl units. Only limited influence of the pulping process is reflected by the spectral data. The spectra do not differ between samples processed by Kraft or organosolv processes. Lignosulfonates are clearly distinguishable by ATR-FT-IR from the other samples. For the classification a model was created using the k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm. Different data pretreatment steps were compared for k = 1 … 20. For validation purposes, a 5-fold cross-validation was chosen and the different quality criteria Accuracy (Acc), Error Rate (Err), Sensitivity (TPR) and specificity (TNR) were introduced. The optimized model for k = 4 gives values for Acc = 98.9 %, Err = 1.1 %, TPR = 99.2 % and TNR = 99.6 %.

Coproduction of cellulosic ethanol, lignosulfonate, and phenolic acids from an integrated corn cob valorization scheme

“…However, some differences must be highlighted. Lignosulfonate reduced the peaks at 1685 and 1150 cm − 1 , corresponding to the C = O vibration in non-conjugated moieties [43,44]. Lignosulfonate presented a peak in the region of 1373 cm − 1 , attributed to the vibration of in-plane deformation of phenolic hydroxyl, according to Sameni et al [45].…”