Identification and partial characterization of a Salp15 homolog from Ixodes ricinus

Liu, J.; Renneker, Stefanie; Beyer, D.; Kullmann, Birgit; Seitzer, Ulrike; Ahmed, Jebin; Bakheit, Mohammed A.

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.12.004

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…(9, 21, 22) However, these studies used ex vivo or in vitro models, and may therefore not reflect the events of a natural tick infestation in the skin, in which the composition of the tick saliva proteome changes during time (23). Only a few studies of the immune reaction to natural tick bites have been performed in mouse skin in vivo.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, we found activation of the innate human immune sys- Previous experimental studies demonstrated the influence of tick bites, tick saliva or its components on the innate and adaptive immunity of the host. [9,21,22] However, these studies used ex vivo or in vitro models and may therefore not reflect the events of a natural tick infestation in the skin, in which the composition of the tick saliva proteome changes during time. [23] Only a few studies of the immune reaction to natural tick bites have been performed in mouse skin in vivo.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this purpose, ticks inject a panel of pharmacologically active proteins with their saliva into the feeding site. [6][7][8][9][10] Of importance, the immunomodulatory activities of tick saliva have been demonstrated to facilitate pathogen transmission from the tick to the host during the blood meal. [11] For example, tick saliva inhibits activation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 3 in primary human keratinocyte cell lines, which may facilitate pathogen transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the early local immune response to Ixodes ricinus tick bites in human skin

Glatz

Means

Haas

et al. 2017

Experimental Dermatology

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Little is known about the immunomodulation by tick saliva during a natural tick bite in human skin, the site of the tick-host interaction. We examined the expression of chemokines, cytokines, and leukocyte markers on the mRNA levels and histopathologic changes in human skin biopsies of tick bites (n=37) compared to unaffected skin (n=9). Early tick bite skin lesions (<24 h of tick attachment) were characterized by a predominance of macrophages and dendritic cells, elevated mRNA levels of macrophage chemoattractants (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4) and neutrophil chemoattractants (CXCL1, CXCL8), of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-5. In contrast, the numbers of lymphocytes and mRNA levels of lymphocyte cell markers (CD4, CD8, CD19), lymphocyte chemoattractants (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL13, CCL1, CCL22), dendritic cell chemoattractants (CCL20), and of other pro- (IL-6, IL-12p40, IFN-γ, TNFα) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, TGFβ) did not differ from normal skin. With longer tick attachment (>24 h), the numbers of innate immune cells and mediators (not significantly) declined, whereas the numbers of lymphocytes (not significantly) increased. Natural tick bites by Ixodes ricinus ticks initially elicit a strong local innate immune response in human skin. Beyond 24h of tick attachment, this response usually becomes less, perhaps because of immunomodulation by tick saliva.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the early local immune response to Ixodes ricinus tick bites in human skin

Glatz

Means

Haas

et al. 2017

Experimental Dermatology

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“…Homologs of Salp15 have been identified in other Ixodes species (22)(23)(24)(25)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32). We searched a protein database using online software (National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI) for proteins from I. scapularis that are similar to Salp15.…”

Section: Identification Of Salp15 and Its Homologsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recent research has also revealed the role of Salp15 in the pathogenesis of a range of diseases; these important findings are discussed below. Over the past two decades, an increasing number of research studies have attempted to identify and characterize Salp15 homologs in various Ixodes species (22)(23)(24)(25). The immunomodulatory effects of Salp15 present important opportunities for the development of novel and sophisticated therapies for human disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salp15, a Multifunctional Protein From Tick Saliva With Potential Pharmaceutical Effects

Wen

Wang

et al. 2020

Front. Immunol.

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Ixodes ticks are the main vectors for a number of zoonotic diseases, including Lyme disease. Ticks secrete saliva directly into a mammalian host while feeding on the host's blood. This action serves to modulate host immunity and coagulation, thus allowing ticks to attach and feed upon their host. One of the most extensively studied components of tick saliva is Salp15. Research has shown that this protein binds specifically to CD4 molecules on the surface of T lymphocytes, interferes with TCR-mediated signaling transduction, inhibits CD4+ T cell activation and proliferation, and impedes the secretion of interleukin 2 (IL-2). Salp15 also binds specifically to dendritic cell dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) to up-regulate the expression of CD73 in regulatory T cells. Collectively, these findings render this salivary protein a potential candidate for a range of therapeutic applications. Here, we discuss our current understanding of Salp15 and the mechanisms that might be used to treat disease.

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Tick Saliva and Its Role in Pathogen Transmission

Bonnet

Kazimírová

Richardson

et al. 2018

Skin and Arthropod Vectors

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Identification and partial characterization of a Salp15 homolog from Ixodes ricinus

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Characterization of the early local immune response to Ixodes ricinus tick bites in human skin

Characterization of the early local immune response to Ixodes ricinus tick bites in human skin

Salp15, a Multifunctional Protein From Tick Saliva With Potential Pharmaceutical Effects

Tick Saliva and Its Role in Pathogen Transmission

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