Identification and Partial Characterization of the Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene Responsible for Cereulide Production in Emetic
            <i>Bacillus cereus</i>

Ehling‐Schulz, Monika; Vukov, Natǎsa; Schulz, Anja; Shaheen, Ranad; Andersson, Maria A.; Märtlbauer, Erwin; Scherer, Siegfried

doi:10.1128/aem.71.1.105-113.2005

Cited by 249 publications

(208 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…cereus emetic toxin (cereulide)-producing strains were detected by both production of cereulide, assayed with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (Jääskeläinen et al, 2003), and by detection of cereulide gene synthase (ces) using a recently developed PCR assay (Ehling-Schulz et al, 2005a). Both methods were applied to the entire test panel.…”

Section: Detection Of B Cereus Strains Producing the Emetic Toxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cooled, filtered (0.45 m) extract was used for LC-MS analysis, based on four molecular ions specific for cereulide (H + , NH 4 + , K + and Na + adducts), performed as described elsewhere (Jääskeläinen et al, 2003). DNA extraction and PCR using the sequences of the cereulide synthetase specific primers were performed as described previously (Ehling-Schulz et al, 2005a).…”

Section: Detection Of B Cereus Strains Producing the Emetic Toxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A significant progress has recently been made in the biochemical and biological detection of the B. cereus emetic toxin, and in the molecular detection of the emetic and of the diarrheal toxins genes. A LC-MS method has been developed to detect the emetic toxin production (Jääskeläinen et al, 2003 andAndersson et al, 2004) and the first molecular tools for the detection of emetic strains of B. cereus have been designed (EhlingSchulz et al, 2004 andEhling-Schulz et al, 2005a). Both methods allow a reliable detection of potential emetic toxin-producing strains within the B. cereus species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emetic toxin-producing strains of Bacillus cereus show distinct characteristics within the Bacillus cereus group

Carlin

Fricker

Pielaat

et al. 2006

International Journal of Food Microbiology

146

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One hundred representative strains of Bacillus cereus were selected from a total collection of 372 B. cereus strains using two typing methods (RAPD and FT-IR) to investigate if emetic toxin-producing hazardous B. cereus strains possess characteristic growth and heat resistance profiles. The strains were classified into three groups: emetic toxin (cereulide)-producing strains (n = 17), strains connected to diarrheal foodborne outbreaks (n = 40) and food-environment strains (n = 43), these latter not producing the emetic toxin. Our study revealed a shift in growth limits towards higher temperatures for the emetic strains, regardless of their origin. None of the emetic toxin-producing strains were able to grow below 10 °C. In contrast, 11% (9 food-environment strains) out of the 83 non-emetic toxin-producing strains were able to grow at 4 °C and 49% at 7 °C (28 diarrheal and 13 food-environment strains). non-emetic toxin-producing strains. All emetic toxin-producing strains were able to grow at 48 °C, but only 39% (16 diarrheal and 16 food-environment strains) of the non-emetic toxinproducing strains grew at this temperature. Spores from the emetic toxin-producing strains showed, on average, a higher heat resistance at 90 °C and a lower germination, particularly at 7 °C, than spores from the other strains. No difference between the three groups in their growth kinetics at 24 °C, 37 °C, and pH 5.0, 7.0, and 8.0 was observed. Our survey shows that emetic toxin-producing strains of B. cereus have distinct characteristics, which could have important implication for the risk assessment of the emetic type of B. cereus caused food poisoning. For instance, emetic strains still represent a special risk in heat-processed foods or preheated foods that are kept warm (in restaurants and cafeterias), but should not pose a risk in refrigerated foods.

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Section: Detection Of B Cereus Strains Producing the Emetic Toxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Detection Of B Cereus Strains Producing the Emetic Toxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Emetic toxin-producing strains of Bacillus cereus show distinct characteristics within the Bacillus cereus group

Carlin

Fricker

Pielaat

et al. 2006

International Journal of Food Microbiology

146

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Given the possible severity of the emetic syndrome, identification and characterization of the genetic determinants involved in cereulide synthesis is of prime importance. Hence, increased interest in this subject has been registered recently with the publication of several studies highlighting a non-ribosomal synthesis of the emetic toxin and a partial identification and characterization of the synthetase gene responsible for its production (Toh et al, 2004;Horwood et al, 2004;Ehling-Schulz et al, 2005). B. cereus is very closely related to two other members of the B. cereus group, the causative agent of anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, and the insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…On: Fri, 11 May 2018 13:27:51 non-ribosomal peptide synthetase gene have been carried out (Toh et al, 2004;Horwood et al, 2004;Ehling-Schulz et al, 2005). Cereulide acts as an ionophore through mitochondrial membranes and interferes with oxidative phosphorylation.…”

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confidence: 99%