Identification and prevalence of RND family multidrug efflux pump oqxAB genes in Enterococci isolates from swine manure in China

Li, Yuan; Zhai, Yajun; Wu, Hua; Sun, Huarun; He, Zhi-pei; Wang, Yabin; Pan, Yongchu; Kuang, Nan-nan; Hu, Gongzheng

doi:10.1099/jmm.0.000736

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In 2018, the presence of OqxAB in Gram-positive microorganisms was first reported. A study performed in China showed the presence of this efflux pump in E. faecalis in a genetic structure flanked by IS26 and linked to an incomplete aph(3=)-IIa gene (169). Interestingly, these samples were from a pig farm.…”

Section: Oqxabmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Nonetheless, PCR studies performed in the last years have shown the presence of other TMQR, such as qnrA, qnrB, qnrD, oqxAB, or aac(6=)Ib-cr, in Gram-positive microorganisms (167)(168)(169). Unfortunately, to our knowledge, of these genes, only oqxA and oqxB have been fully validated by DNA sequencing (169).…”

Section: General Overview Of Tmqrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the description of the exchange of genes between Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms (161,162) and the spread of antibiotic resistance determinants among them (161)(162)(163)(164)(165), prior to 2016, only a few specific Gram-positive TMQR, such as QacBIII, had been detected in Staphylococcus aureus (166). Nonetheless, PCR studies performed in the last years have shown the presence of other TMQR, such as qnrA, qnrB, qnrD, oqxAB, or aac(6=)Ib-cr, in Gram-positive microorganisms (167)(168)(169). Unfortunately, to our knowledge, of these genes, only oqxA and oqxB have been fully validated by DNA sequencing (169).…”

Section: General Overview Of Tmqrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TMQR have evolved from a series of genes with an as-yet-unknown physiological function, with their unexpected effect on the final MICs of quinolones benefitting their spread outside their original environment to the whole world. In this scenario, and fueled by the direct, continuous growth selection pressure exerted by quinolones in human, veterinary, and environment settings, further steps in the history of TMQR will include their installation in new genetic structures and their spread to new microorganisms, including a greater presence in Gram-positive microorganisms, as has recently been described (167)(168)(169). More efficient variants that are able to expand or modify their quinolone affinity or to confer higher levels of quinolone resistance will be selected.…”

Section: Tmqr and The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Transferable Mechanisms of Quinolone Resistance from 1998 Onward

Ruiz

2019

Clin Microbiol Rev

115

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SUMMARY While the description of resistance to quinolones is almost as old as these antimicrobial agents themselves, transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance (TMQR) remained absent from the scenario for more than 36 years, appearing first as sporadic events and afterward as epidemics. In 1998, the first TMQR was soundly described, that is, QnrA. The presence of QnrA was almost anecdotal for years, but in the middle of the first decade of the 21st century, there was an explosion of TMQR descriptions, which definitively changed the epidemiology of quinolone resistance. Currently, 3 different clinically relevant mechanisms of quinolone resistance are encoded within mobile elements: (i) target protection, which is mediated by 7 different families of Qnr (QnrA, QnrB, QnrC, QnrD, QnrE, QnrS, and QnrVC), which overall account for more than 100 recognized alleles; (ii) antibiotic efflux, which is mediated by 2 main transferable efflux pumps (QepA and OqxAB), which together account for more than 30 alleles, and a series of other efflux pumps (e.g., QacBIII), which at present have been sporadically described; and (iii) antibiotic modification, which is mediated by the enzymes AAC(6′)Ib-cr, from which different alleles have been claimed, as well as CrpP, a newly described phosphorylase.

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Section: Oqxabmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: General Overview Of Tmqrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Overview Of Tmqrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tmqr and The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Transferable Mechanisms of Quinolone Resistance from 1998 Onward

Ruiz

2019

Clin Microbiol Rev

115

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“…The AMR mechanism we noted was dominated by efflux pumps encoded by the oqxA and oqxB genes. These pumps are disseminated on plasmids among Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci [67][68][69]. Given the plasmid abundance found in this wild species and probability of Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

A metagenomic glimpse into the gut of wild and domestic animals: Quantification of antimicrobial resistance and more

et al. 2020

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is a complex subject, why one need to look at this phenomenon from a wider and holistic perspective. The extensive use of the same antimicrobial classes in human and veterinary medicine as well as horticulture is one of the main drivers for the AMR selection. Here, we applied shotgun metagenomics to investigate the AMR epidemiology in several animal species including farm animals, which are often exposed to antimicrobial treatment opposed to an unique set of wild animals that seems not to be subjected to antimicrobial pressure. The comparison of the domestic and wild animals allowed to investigate the possible anthropogenic impact on AMR spread. Inclusion of animals with different feeding behaviors (carnivores, omnivores) enabled to further assess which AMR genes that thrives within the food chain. We tested fecal samples not only of intensively produced chickens, turkeys, and pigs, but also of wild animals such as wild boars, red foxes, and rodents. A multi-directional approach mapping obtained sequences to several databases provided insight into the occurrence of the different AMR genes. The method applied enabled also analysis of other factors that may influence AMR of intestinal microbiome such as diet. Our findings confirmed higher levels of AMR in farm animals than in wildlife. The results also revealed the potential of wildlife in the AMR dissemination. Particularly in red foxes, we found evidence of several AMR genes conferring resistance to critically important antimicrobials like quinolones and cephalosporins. In contrast, the lowest abundance of AMR was observed in rodents originating from natural environment with presumed limited exposure to antimicrobials. Shotgun metagenomics enabled us to demonstrate that discrepancies between AMR profiles found in the intestinal microbiome of various animals probably resulted from the different antimicrobial exposure, habitats, and behavior of the tested animal species.

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