Identification and tuning of active sites in selected mixed metal oxide catalysts for cyclic carbonate synthesis from epoxides and CO2

Recent developments in state-of-the-art silica-modified catalysts for the fixation of CO2 in epoxides to form organic carbonates

“…106 Therefore, current research trends are focused on the development of more efficient heterogeneous catalysts with an abundant number of catalytically active sites, which can show enhanced performances under mild reaction conditions. 101,107,108…”

Synergy of Dual Functional Sites for Conversion of CO2 in a Cycloaddition Reaction under Solvent-Free Conditions by a Zn(II)-Based Coordination Network with a Ladder Motif

“…To alleviate the growing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration in the atmosphere which can adversely affect environmental protection and sustainable development, one of the most promising solutions is capture of CO 2 as a C1 feedstock and its utilization for the synthesis of value-added chemicals or fuels. , Interestingly, CO 2 , a nontoxic C1 resource abundant in nature, has been explored in the cycloaddition reaction with epoxide for the synthesis of value-added products such as cyclic carbonates, dimethyl carbonate, N,N′-disubstituted urea, etc. Cyclic carbonates are primary raw materials for manufacturing pharmaceutical intermediates, polymers, lubricating grease, polycarbonate, furazolidone, etc., which also finds various applications as electrolyte, organic solvent, extraction agents, and adsorbents. − Catalytic studies involving porous carbon, zeolite, metal oxide, COFs, and polymers as heterogeneous catalysts for chemical transformation of CO 2 with epoxides to cyclic carbonate has been well documented in the literature. − The efficiency of the catalytic reaction is restrained mainly due to high energy consumption, poor stability, recyclability, and the separation process of the catalyst. Mostly large-scale cyclic carbonate reaction proceeds under elevated temperature and pressure due to kinetic inertness and thermodynamic stability of CO 2 hampering the progress of the reaction to achieve efficient product yield. − Thus, most of the known catalytic studies used highly reactive substrates and/or severe reaction conditions to activate CO 2 for the smooth and efficient cycloaddition reaction.…”

Novel hydroxyl-functionalized ionic liquids as efficient catalysts for the conversion of CO2 into cyclic carbonates under metal/halogen/cocatalyst/solvent-free conditions

“…[4][5][6][7] One of the most effective methods is to convert carbon dioxide and epoxides into the corresponding cyclic carbonates, because this reaction can not only achieve 100% atom utilization but also the resulting cyclic carbonates can be used as important chemical intermediates to synthesize specialty fine chemicals. [8][9][10][11][12][13] Various heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts, including metal oxides, 14,15 molecular sieves, [16][17][18][19][20] transition metal complexes, [21][22][23][24][25] alkali metal salts, 26,27 quaternary ammonium salts, [28][29][30] metal-organic frameworks, [31][32][33][34][35] Lewis acids or bases, [36][37][38] and various ionic liquids, [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] have been utilized to catalyze cycloaddition reactions. However, mo...…”