Identification, characterization and deduced amino acid sequence of the dominant protease from Kudoa paniformis and K. thyrsites: A unique cytoplasmic cysteine protease

Funk, Valerie A.; Olafson, Robert W.; Raap, Monique; Smith, Derek; Aitken, Laura; Haddow, Jody D.; Wang, Diana; Dawson-Coates, J A; Burke, Robert D.; Miller, Kristina M.

doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.11.011

Cited by 35 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Examination of factors associated with invasion and pathogenesis has focused primarily on proteases, and myxozoan cysteine and serine protease genes have been identified from several species of Kudoa (Funk et al, 2008; Martone et al, 1999) and from M. cerebralis (Dörfler and El-Matbouli, 2007; Kelley et al, 2003; Kelley et al, 2004). In other parasites, proteases play a variety of roles, including degradation or activation of host immune molecules, and they may also serve as targets for chemotherapeutants or vaccines.…”

Section: Biology Of Myxozoansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology and mucosal immunity to myxozoans

Gómez

Bartholomew

Sunyer

2014

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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Myxozoans are among the most abundant parasites in nature. Their life cycles involve two hosts: an invertebrate, usually an annelid, and a vertebrate, usually a fish. They affect fish species in their natural habitats but also constitute a menace for fish aquaculture. Using different strategies they are able to parasitize and cause damage in multiple organs, including mucosal tissues, which they use also as portals of entry. In fish, the main mucosal sites include the intestine, skin and gills. Recently the finding of a specific mucosal immunoglobulin in teleost (IgT), analogous to mammalian IgA, and the capacity of fish to develop a specific mucosal immune response against different pathogens, has highlighted the importance of studying immune responses at mucosal sites. In this review, we describe the major biological characteristics of myxozoan parasites and present the data available regarding immune responses for species that infect mucosal sites. As models for mucosal immunity we review the responses to Enteromyxum spp. and Ceratomyxa shasta, both of which parasitize the intestine. The immune response at the skin and gills is also described, as these mucosal tissues are used by myxozoans as attaching surfaces and portal of entry, and some species also parasitize these sites. Finally, the development of immunoprophylactic strategies is discussed.

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Section: Biology Of Myxozoansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology and mucosal immunity to myxozoans

Gómez

Bartholomew

Sunyer

2014

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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“…Proteolytic enzymes generated by parasites are often involved in such processes, as studied for the myxozoans Kudoa sp. (Martone et al 1999, Funk et al 2008, Myxobolus cerebralis (Kelley et al 2004, Dörfler & El-Matbouli 2007 and Sphaerospora dicentrarchi (Muñoz et al 2000a), as well as for other piscine parasites (Zuo & Woo 1998, Paramá et al 2004, Piazzón et al 2011. There is no current knowledge about the mechanisms that Enteromyxum leei employs to disrupt cell junctions between enterocytes, to penetrate and invade the intestinal epithelium and to migrate along the digestive tract.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Antigenic characterization of Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa: Myxosporea)

Estensoro¹,

Álvarez-Pellitero²,

Sitjà‐Bobadilla³

2013

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Enteromyxum leei, an intestinal myxozoan parasite affecting a wide range of fish, was partially purified, and the immunogenic composition of its glycoproteins as well as the proteolytic activity were studied. Parasite extracts, mainly containing spores, were separated by SDS-PAGE, and thereafter, immunoblots were carried out with a polyclonal antiserum (Pab) raised against E. leei. Periodic acid/Schiff staining of gels, periodate- and Proteinase K-treated Western blots and Lectin blots were performed to analyse the terminal carbohydrate composition of the parasite's antigens. Additionally, the cross-reaction of the parasite extracts with a Pab raised against the polar filament of the myxozoan Myxobolus pendula was studied. Both Pabs detected proteic epitopes on antigenic proteins and glycoproteins of E. leei, ranging between 15 and 280 kDa. In particular, 2 glycoproteic bands (15 and 165 kDa), immunoreactive to both Pabs and with glucose and mannose moieties, could correspond to common antigens shared among myxozoans. The 165 kDa band also presented galactose, N-acetyl-galactosamine and N-acetyl-glucosamine, pointing to its possible origin on chitin-built spore valves and to its possible involvement in host-parasite interactions. The molecular weight of the 15 kDa glycoproteic antigen matches that of minicollagen, a cnidarian-specific protein of nematocysts with a myxozoan homologue. Several proteases with apparent molecular weights ranging between 43 and 245 kDa were found in zymographies of E. leei extracts, and these may have a potential role in the parasite's pathogenesis. This is a useful approach for further studies to detect targets for antiparasitic therapy.

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“…Funk et al . () identified a cysteine protease, cathepsin L, as the responsible enzyme. Both Funk et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term epidemiological survey of Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from commercial aquaculture farms

Marshall

Sitjà‐Bobadilla

Brown

et al. 2015

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa) encysts within myocytes of a variety of fishes. While infected fish appear unharmed, parasite-derived enzymes degrade the flesh post-mortem. In regions of British Columbia (BC), Canada, up to 4-7% of fillets can be affected, thus having economic consequences and impacting the competitiveness of BC's farms. K. thyrsites was monitored in two farms having high (HP) or low (LP) historical infection prevalence. At each farm, 30 fish were sampled monthly for blood and muscle during the first year followed by nine samplings during year two. Prevalence and intensity were measured by PCR and histology of muscle samples. In parallel, fillet tests were used to quantify myoliquefaction. Infections were detected by PCR after 355 and 509 degree days at LP and HP farms, respectively. Prevalence reached 100% at the HP farm by 2265 degree days and declined during the second year, whereas it plateaued near 50% at the LP farm. Infection intensities decreased after 1 year at both farms. Blood was PCR-positive at both farms between 778 and 1113 degree days and again after 2000 degree days. This is the first monitoring project in a production environment and compares data between farms with different prevalence.

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Identification, characterization and deduced amino acid sequence of the dominant protease from Kudoa paniformis and K. thyrsites: A unique cytoplasmic cysteine protease

Cited by 35 publications

References 59 publications

Biology and mucosal immunity to myxozoans

Biology and mucosal immunity to myxozoans

Antigenic characterization of Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa: Myxosporea)

Long‐term epidemiological survey of Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from commercial aquaculture farms

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