Identification, Mechanism, and Treatment of Skin Lesions in COVID-19: A Review

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multisystem disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that primarily causes respiratory symptoms. However, an increasing number of cutaneous manifestations associated with this disease have been reported. The aim of this study is to analyze the scientific literature on cutaneous manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 by means of a narrative literature review until June 2021. The search was conducted in the following electronic databases: Medline (PubMed), SciELO, and Cochrane Library Plus. The most common cutaneous manifestations in patients with COVID-19 are vesicular eruptions, petechial/purpuric rashes, acral lesions, liveoid lesions, urticarial rash, and maculopapular-erythematous rash. These manifestations may be the first presenting symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as is the case with acral lesions, vesicular eruptions, and urticaria. In relation to severity, the presence of liveoid lesions may be associated with a more severe course of the disease. Treatment used for dermatological lesions includes therapy with anticoagulants, corticosteroids, and antihistamines. Knowledge of the dermatologic manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 contributes to the diagnosis of COVID-19 in patients with skin lesions associated with respiratory symptoms or in asymptomatic patients. In addition, understanding the dermatologic lesions associated with COVID-19 could be useful to establish a personalized care plan.

The Third Wave of the COVID-19 Arrived in Afghanistan: A Severe Case with Skin Manifestation

“…The most common cutaneous manifestations reported are vesicular eruptions, petechial/ purpuric rashes, acral lesions, livedoid lesions, urticarial rash, and maculopapular-erythematous rash. 15 These manifestations may be presented as the first symptoms or may be associated with severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 16 Vasculopathy-related skin manifestations have been reported in severe COVID-19 patients, and they correlate 17 In light of the rareness of the original reports from Middle-Eastern countries and the global racial disparities in infection and mortality rate, the scientists should be encouraged to report whatever possible cases of skin manifestations in confirmed COVID-19 patients to help create a registry related to their ethnic population.…”

“…The most common cutaneous manifestations reported are vesicular eruptions, petechial/purpuric rashes, acral lesions, livedoid lesions, urticarial rash, and maculopapular-erythematous rash. 15 These manifestations may be presented as the first symptoms or may be associated with severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 16 Vasculopathy‐related skin manifestations have been reported in severe COVID-19 patients, and they correlate with poor prognosis of the disease.…”

Convalescent Plasma Therapy, Therapeutic Formulations of Repurposed Drugs in 20th Century Epidemics against COVID-19: A Systematic Review

“…The latter can be associated with respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and an inflammatory state [ 2 ]. This situation could lead to multiorgan failure and death [ 3 ]. The current availability of drugs to treat COVID-19 infections remains limited to supportive treatments.…”

COVID-19 Vaccine: A Possible Trigger for Pyoderma Gangrenosum

“…Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multisystem disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which primarily causes respiratory symptoms [1]. It is responsible for a multiyear pandemic and has proven to be a serious infectious agent.…”