Walnuts
are abundant in oil content, especially for polyunsaturated
fatty acids, but the understanding of their formation is limited.
We collected walnut (Juglans regia L.)
kernels at 60, 74, 88, 102, 116, 130, and 144 days after pollination
(designated S1–S7). The ultrastructure and accumulation of
oil bodies (OBs) were observed using transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), and the oil content, fatty acid composition, and proteomic
changes in walnut kernels were determined. The oil content and OB
accumulation increased during the development and rose sharply from
S1 to S3 stages, which are considered the key lipogenesis stage. A
total of 5442 proteins were identified and determined as differentially
expressed proteins (DEPs) using label-free proteomic analysis. Fatty
acid desaturases (FAD) 2, FAD3, oleosin, and caleosin were essential
and upregulated from the S1 to S3 stages. Furthermore, the highly
expressed oleosin gene JrOLE14.7 from walnuts was
cloned and overexpressed in transgenic Brassica napus. The overexpression of JrOLE14.7 increased the
oil content, diameter, hundred weight of seeds and changed the fatty
acid composition and OB size of Brassica napus seeds. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanism
of oil biosynthesis and the basis for the genetic improvement of walnuts.