Identification of a Decedent in a 103-Year-Old Homicide Case Using Forensic Anthropology and Genetic Genealogy

Abstract

Anthropologists are often the custodians of long-term unidentified human remains though their positions as curators of university or museum skeletal collections. Various factors decrease the solvability of these legacy cases including the passage of time, the loss of provenience for specific cases, and lack of documentation or case records. While anthropologists can contribute important information toward identification, it is often necessary to explore novel and cross-disciplinary strategies to resolve difficult cold cases. In long cold cases, the postmortem interval, in particular, may be difficult to estimate leading to further challenges in achieving identification. Modern advances in radiocarbon bomb pulse dating, isotope analysis, and actualistic studies have contributed to positive identification of unidentified human remains in some legacy cases, but may not be available to all forensic practitioners and law enforcement from resource-poor agencies. Pooling resources, as well as collaborating with professionals outside of forensic anthropology, is a useful strategy to pursue when anthropological methods are exhausted.The case study presented here demonstrates a collaborative approach between forensic anthropologists, forensic genetic genealogists, and law enforcement in a century-old homicide. The dismembered and mummified parts of a male body were recovered in a remote cave in 1979 and again in 1991. Despite forensic anthropologists creating and updating the biological profile over the decades from recovery to present, no identification was made until the application of forensic genetic genealogy (FGG) to the case in 2019. New interpretations of bone microstructure and trauma analysis are presented for the case, alongside the historical documentation and “proof of life” evidence used by the genealogy team. A review of the FGG methods underscores the challenges in this case (e.g. significant endogamy, multiple aliases used by the victim) and the steps taken toward resolution. Ultimately, a combined anthropology and genealogy approach resulted in a confirmed identity for a man who was murdered in 1916. Key points Forensic scientists should leverage a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach toward human identification. When combined with forensic anthropology methods, forensic genetic genealogy is a valuable tool linking biological and cultural-historical aspects of identity. Forensic anthropologists should review challenging cases in their labs as new methods are introduced and new resources become available.

An interdisciplinary forensic approach for human remains identification and missing persons investigations

“…The same lesson was learned following the World Trade Center attack, with many forensic science subspecialities including forensic medical examiners, anthropologists, fingerprint examiners, odontologists, radiologists, and DNA specialists needing to collaborate to achieve the effective and efficient identification of a large number of disaster victims (Budimlija et al, 2003; de Boer et al, 2020). Similarly, the recent identification of a decedent in a 103‐year‐old UHR case highlights the value of employing a combined identification effort involving forensic anthropologists, genetic genealogists, and law enforcement (Michael et al, 2022). Finally, the European Council of Legal Medicine has recently devised an UHR inspection form to guide and harmonize the collection of relevant data from forensic pathologists, anthropologists, odontologists, geneticists, entomologists, and toxicologists, thus supporting a collaborative framework for death investigations (Cecchi et al, 2022).…”

Effects and considerations of multiplexing ForenSeq Kintelligence libraries with a negative control

“…Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) has been an emerging technology in forensic investigations for the past decade, with many publications demonstrating its utility and implementation across the world [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. During this time, investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) has become a revolutionizing approach to solve old and cold cases [8][9][10][11]. This has predominantly been accomplished through outsourcing cases to private forensic laboratories utilizing direct-to-consumer (DTC) microarray genotyping approaches, but also through whole genome sequencing (WGS) via MPS.…”

Towards a forensic anthropology of structural vulnerability

“…Continuing, he called specifically for the integration of forensic expertise: “To tally body counts correctly requires epidemiology, forensic and clinical medicine, and demography” ([ 1 ]:308). As the field of anthropology as a whole has begun to pay closer attention to such “body counts” [ 2 ] a growing number of forensic anthropologists have recently begun to use their skills as both osteologists and anthropologists to make visible the links between social marginalization and premature and violent death [ [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] ].…”