Identification of a Lipid Transfer Protein as the Major Protein in the Surface Wax of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) Leaves

Pyee, Jhaeho; Yu, Hongshi; Kolattukudy, Pappachan E.

doi:10.1006/abbi.1994.1263

Cited by 222 publications

(157 citation statements)

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“…Two recent studies of the spatial accumulation pattern of transcripts encoding 9 kDa nsLTPs in maize and carrot embryos showed that the transcripts were restricted to cell layers facing the endosperm (Sossountzov et al, 1991;Sterk et al, 1991). Furthermore, nsLTPs were found to be located in the cell wall, mainly in epidermal cells of Arabidopsis (Thoma et al, 1993), and in the surface wax of broccoli leaves (Pyee et al, 1994). Our in situ hybridization data show that the Ltp2 transcript is present exclusively in the aleurene cells.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

The promoter of the barley aleurone‐specific gene encoding a putative 7 kDa lipid transfer protein confers aleurone cell‐specific expression in transgenic rice

Kalla

Shimamoto²,

Potter³

et al. 1994

The Plant Journal

145

105

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SummaryThis paper describes the aleurone-specific gene Ltp2 from barley, which encodes a putative 7 kDa nonspecific lipid transfer protein. As shown by Northern and in situ hybridization analyses, the Ltp2trenscript is present in barley aleurone cells shortly after the initiation of aleurone cell differentiation. The expression of Ltp2 Increases until grain mid-maturity, but the mRNA is absent from mature grains. The Ltp2 transcript is undstectable in the embryo and vegetative tissues, confirming the aleurone specificity of the Ltp2 gene. The ability of the isolated 801 bp Ltp2 promoter to direct aleurone-specific expression in immature barley grains is demonstrated by perticle bombardment experiments. In these experiments, the activity of the Ltp2 promoter is 5% of the activity of the strong constitutive Actinl promoter from rice, as quantified by GUS activity measurements. In stably transformed rice plants containing the Ltp2 promoter-Gus construct, the specificity of the Ltp2 promoter is confirmed in vivo by the presence of GUS activity exclusively in the aleurone layer. This study demonstrates the conserved nature of the regulatory signals involved in aleurone-specific gene transcription in cereal grains.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

The promoter of the barley aleurone‐specific gene encoding a putative 7 kDa lipid transfer protein confers aleurone cell‐specific expression in transgenic rice

Kalla

Shimamoto²,

Potter³

et al. 1994

The Plant Journal

145

105

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“…All plant nsLTPs identified so far harbor an N-terminal signal sequence responsible for directing the peptides to the endoplasmic reticulum and, as the K/HDEL retention signal is absent, subsequently to enter the secretory pathway. This has been substantiated by experiments showing that nsLTPs are secreted in vivo (Bernhard et al, 1991;Sterk et al, 1991) and are located in the epidermal cell wall of Arabidopsis (Thoma et al, 1993) or in the epicuticular waxy layer of broccoli (Brassica oleracea; Pyee et al, 1994). Due to the extracellular localization and their ability to bind lipids and fatty acids, nsLTPs have been suggested to have a role in the transfer of lipophylic compounds in the apoplast for epicuticular wax formation (Sterk et al, 1991).…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…NsLTP genes are expressed mainly in the epidermal tissue of aerial organs (Kader, 1997); however, nonepidermal expression also occurs in other young developing tissues such as in the shoot apex and the floral meristem of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum; Canevascini et al, 1996), parenchyma cells of the corolla in gerbera (Gerbera hybrida var. Regina; Kotilainen et al, 1994), and in vascular tissues in broccoli (Pyee et al, 1994). Some authors reported expression in epidermal cells of developing root or root initial cells (Canevascini et al, 1996;Sohal et al, 1999), whereas in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), expression was found to be exclusively to the cortical region of a root-specific nsLTP (Song et al, 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

Expression Analysis of a Family ofnsLTPGenes Tissue Specifically Expressed throughout the Plant and during Potato Tuber Life Cycle

et al. 2002

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Non-specific lipid-transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are capable of binding lipid compounds in plant tissues and are coded by the nsLTP genes. Here, we present the analysis of expression of a family of potato (Solanum tuberosum) nsLTP genes that express throughout the developing plant in a highly tissue-specific manner. Three transcript-derived fragments were isolated using an amplified restriction fragment polymorphism-derived technique for RNA fingerprinting that show homology to plant nsLTP genes. These transcript-derived fragments displayed modulated expression profiles related to the development of new tissues, with a peak of transcription around the time of tuberization and just prior to sprout development, at dormancy breakage. In addition, a homologous family of expressed sequence tags was identified whose individual members could be classified according to their tissue specificity. Two subgroups of expressed sequence tags were found to express during tuber life cycle. To study the regulation of potato nsLTP genes, two putative potato nsLTP promoters were isolated and their expression was studied using promoter-marker-gene fusions. The results showed that one of the two promoters directed a highly specific pattern of expression detected in the phloem surrounding the nodes of young plants and in the same tissue of tuber related organs, whereas the second putative promoter showed little tissue or organ specificity. This difference in expression is likely due to a 331-bp insertion present in the tissue-specific promoter.The potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber life cycle is a complex multistage process involving stolon formation, tuber initiation, tuber filling, dormancy, and sprouting (Cutter, 1978). Potato tubers constitute underground stems that have undergone a series of morphological changes. Depending on the environmental conditions and the genotype, the potato plant forms stolons at the base of the stem that, after a period of rapid longitudinal growth, swell at their tips initiating tuberization. The onset of tuberization is accompanied by a burst of cell division, and reorientation of the cytoskeleton occurs (Sanz et al., 1996). The morphological differentiation during tuberization is further characterized by a variety of biochemical changes, such as the accumulation of starch and the appearance of new proteins. At tuberization, suppression of growth is imposed on the axillary buds (eyes) of developing tubers leading into dormancy, at the end of which cell division is initiated in the eyes of the tuber, giving rise to sprout development.Each stage of tuber life cycle is likely to be controlled by a large set of interacting genes throughout the plant. Studies of gene expression using an amplified restriction fragment polymorphism-derived technique for RNA fingerprinting (cDNA-AFLP) during tuber life cycle show that many genes display differential expression and that these can be categorized into groups according to their putative function. The major processes that have been identified during tuber life cycle a...

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“…Because of their extracellular location and gene expression in epidermal cells, it has been suggested that, in vivo, they may be involved in cutin and surface wax deposition rather than lipid transfer (Sterk et al, 1991;Pyee et al, 1994). Lipid-transfer proteins extracted from barley and maize leaves have also been shown to be the potent inhibitors of bacterial and fungal plant pathogens (Molina et al, 1993), suggesting a third possible in vivo function for these proteins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homology modelling and molecular dynamics aided analysis of ligand complexes demonstrates functional properties of lipid‐transfer proteins encoded by the barley low‐temperature‐inducible gene family, blt4

Keresztessy

Hughes

1998

The Plant Journal

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SummaryThe homology modelling technique was used to predict the tertiary structures of three members of the lowtemperature-inducible barley vegetative shoot epidermal lipid-transfer protein (LTP) family, BLT4, on the basis of the X-ray crystallographically determined three-dimensional structure of a maize seedling LTP. Differences between the maize LTP and the BLT4 family include amino acid substitutions around the entrance and inside the predicted hydrophobic binding tunnels of these proteins. Because of the deletion of the loop region corresponding to Val60-Gly62 of the maize LTP from all three BLT4 LTPs, their internal hydrophobic tunnels are longer. Molecular dynamics modelling shows that BLT4.9 can accommodate hexadecanoic acid in its binding tunnel in similar conformation to the maize LTP. However, modelled cis,cis-9,12-octadecandienoic acid had a more favourable interaction with the BLT4.9 LTP than with the maize protein. Di-cis,cis-9,12-octadecandienoyl phosphatidylglycerol and di-cis,cis-9,12-octadecandienoyl phosphatidylcholine were modelled in the BLT4.9 structure with the fatty acyl group at position 1 embedded in the binding tunnel and the group at position 2 located on the solvent accessible surface of the protein. The results of the modelling suggest that the phospholipid headgroup can form hydrogen and salt bridges with polar and charged residues outside the binding tunnel and the exposed hydrocarbon chain interacts with hydrophobic amino acids on the surface. These results are consistent with the proposal that BLT4 LTPs have a lipid-transfer function associated with frost acclimation in barley.

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Identification of a Lipid Transfer Protein as the Major Protein in the Surface Wax of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) Leaves

Cited by 222 publications

References 0 publications

The promoter of the barley aleurone‐specific gene encoding a putative 7 kDa lipid transfer protein confers aleurone cell‐specific expression in transgenic rice

The promoter of the barley aleurone‐specific gene encoding a putative 7 kDa lipid transfer protein confers aleurone cell‐specific expression in transgenic rice

Expression Analysis of a Family ofnsLTPGenes Tissue Specifically Expressed throughout the Plant and during Potato Tuber Life Cycle

Homology modelling and molecular dynamics aided analysis of ligand complexes demonstrates functional properties of lipid‐transfer proteins encoded by the barley low‐temperature‐inducible gene family, blt4

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