Identification of a novel canine parvovirus type 2c in Taiwan

Abstract

BackgroundTaiwan has been considered free from canine parvovirus type 2c (CPV-2c) based on the last report of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) surveillance. However, since January 2015, the first report of CPV-2c in a puppy has occurred in Taiwan. There is currently limited information about the CPV-2c variant in Taiwan. In the present study, we characterized the previously unidentified CPV-2c variant and investigated the distribution of CPV-2 variants in Taiwan.MethodsDuring January 2014 to April 2016, fecal or rectal swab samples from 99 dogs with suspected CPV-2 infection in Taiwan were collected. Eighty-eight were identified as being either CPV-2a, −2b or -2c variants positive by real-time PCR and sequence analysis.ResultsSequence analysis of the 88 isolates confirmed CPV-2c as the dominant variant (54.6 %), followed by CPV-2b (26.1 %) and CPV-2a (19.3 %). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the recent CPV-2c variants are similar to the Chinese CPV-2c strain but can be considered as novel Asian CPV-2c isolates.ConclusionThe present study provides evidence for the existence of a novel CPV-2c variant in Taiwan.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0620-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Introduction of Asian canine parvovirus in Europe through dog importation

“…Whereas new CPV‐2a/2b are prevalent strains circulating in Asia (Yi, Tong, Cheng, Song, & Cheng, ), CPV‐2c has been sporadically detected in this continent. This variant has been detected in India in 2006 (Nandi, Chidri, Kumar, & Chauhan, ), in China from 2009 to 2015 (Geng et al., ; Wang et al., ; Zhang et al., ) and in Taiwan between 2014 and 2016 (Chiang, Wu, Chiou, Chang, & Lin, ). Our strain showed 100% nucleotide identity with complete VP2 sequence of 10 CPV strains detected in China in 2014 (Wang et al., ) and with partial VP2 sequence of 14 strains detected in China in years 2014‐2015 (Geng et al., ) and with partial VP2 sequence of 6 viruses circulating in Vientiane, Laos, in 2016 (Vannamahaxay et al., ).…”

Spreading of canine parvovirus type 2c mutants of Asian origin in southern Italy

“…Whereas CPV‐2a and CPV‐2b are the prevalent variants circulating in Asia (Yi, Tong, Cheng, Song, & Cheng, ), and more recently, CPV‐2c has been described in the same continent (Chiang, Wu, Chiou, Chang, & Lin, ; Geng et al, ; Nakamura et al, ; Wang et al, ; Zhao et al, ; Zhou, Zeng, Zhang, & Li, ; Zhuang et al, ), showing molecular signatures different from those of other continents. Indeed, the Asian CPV‐2c variant shows specific amino acids in NS1 (60V, 544F, 545V, 630P) and VP2 (5A/G, 267Y, 297A, 324I, 370R) gene sequences.…”

“…Indeed, the Asian CPV‐2c variant shows specific amino acids in NS1 (60V, 544F, 545V, 630P) and VP2 (5A/G, 267Y, 297A, 324I, 370R) gene sequences. Most of these amino acids have been described in the VP2 of CPV‐2a/2b/2c strains collected in China, Vietnam, India, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand and Japan (Chiang et al, ; Geng et al, ; Han et al, ; Jeoung et al, ; Lin et al, ; Mukhopadhyay et al, ; Nakamura et al, ; Phromnoi, Sirinarumitr, & Sirinarumitr, ; Soma, Taharaguchi, Ohinata, Ishii, & Hara, ; Xu et al, ; Yi et al, ; Zhang et al, ). In particular, CPV‐2c strains displaying the amino acid glycine (G) instead of the highly conserved alanine (A) at residue 5 of the VP2 have been previously detected in China (Wang et al, ) and Italy (Mira, Purpari, Lorusso, et al, ).…”

Nearly full‐length genome characterization of canine parvovirus strains circulating in Nigeria

“…While change at aa residue 324 is predominant in all three CPV variants in Asia (Geng et al, ; Yi, Tong, Cheng, Song, & Cheng, ; Zhao et al, ; Zhou et al, ), the other changes have been less frequently observed, mainly in China since 2013, and change Q370R has been detected only in CPV‐2c strains (Geng et al, ; Guo et al, ; Mira, Purpari, et al, ; Mira, Purpari, Lorusso, et al, ; Wang et al, ; Zhuang et al, ). These aa substitutions are located in the greatest variable VP2 GH loop, comprised between aa 267 and 498, but while residue 267 is not exposed on the capsid surface (Chiang, Wu, Chiou, Chang, & Lin, ) and may not affect the antigenicity of CPV (Xu et al, ), residues 324 and 370 could have immunological implications or biological relevance. Indeed, residue 324 is subject to positive selection (Hoelzer, Shackelton, Parrish, & Holmes, ) and is adjacent to residue 323, which affects binding to the canine transferrin receptor (Hueffer & Parrish, ).…”