“…In the above research, the dynamics of a vehicle system provide operational loads and vibrations of vehicle components under nominal conditions. In reality, abnormal vehicle dynamics are common due to the wear and degradation of various vehicle components (Miao, Zhang, Wang, Yuan, Li, & Chen, 2023). It has been found that hunting motions (self-excited oscillation due to instability) significantly affect the vibration and stress of car bodies (Li, Wu, Liu, Wu, & Zeng, 2022) and bogie frames (Qu, Wang, Zhang, Li, & Wei, 2021) and further reduce their fatigue life.…”