Identification of Abscisic Acid in a Green Alga

Endogenous cytokinins, auxins, and abscisic acid (ABA) were identified and quantified in 11 red algae collected from the Brazilian coast. Field materials and two isolates cultured in the laboratory were extracted with various solvents and buffers containing a mixture of appropriate internal standards, purified by solid-phase extraction followed by immunoaffinity chromatography, and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Isoprenoid cytokinins (free and conjugated forms of isopentenyladenine [iP], cis-zeatin [cZ], and transzeatin [tZ]) were detected in all species with concentrations of cZ and iP forms being higher than tZ forms. Dihydrozeatin (DHZ) and its metabolites were only detected at very low levels in nine of the studied species. Aromatic cytokinins (6-benzylaminopurine [BA], ortho-and meta-topolin [oT and mT]) were not detected in any of the samples. The cytokinin profile of Chondracanthus teedei (Mert. ex Roth) Kütz. was distinct in comparison to other species with para-topolin (pT) derivatives detected in low concentrations. The main auxins present in all species were free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-acetamide (IAM). Indole-3-ethanol (IEt), indole-3-acetyl glutamic acid (IAGlu), and indole-3-acetyl leucine (IALeu) were detected in a few species at low concentrations. ABA was present in all species analyzed except for Hypnea nigrescens Grev. ex J. Agardh. No ABA conjugates were detected in any species. These results confirm that cytokinins, auxins, and ABA were common constituents in red seaweeds, with this being the first report of the occurrence of ABA in Rhodophyta. The complexity of the hormone profiles suggests that plant hormones play a role in regulating physiological processes in Rhodophyta.There is an increasing interest in understanding the regulation of seaweed growth and development in order to improve yields in commercial seaweed cultivation and to preserve natural populations. Endogenous plant hormones have been detected in green, brown, and red seaweeds as well as in some seaweed extracts made from various kelp species. These extracts are used commercially as growth stimulants in agricultural crops due to the plant hormones present (Stirk and Van Staden 2006). Although the hormonal regulatory system in seaweeds has not been nearly as extensively studied as in vascular plants, there is evidence that plant growth regulators are involved in seaweed developmental processes (Bradley 1991, Evans and Trewavas 1

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“…While ABA has been identified in some Chlorophyta (Tietz and Kasprik 1986, Tietz et al. 1989, Stirk et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ENDOGENOUS CYTOKININS, AUXINS, AND ABSCISIC ACID IN RED ALGAE FROM BRAZIL¹

Yokoya

Stirk

Staden

et al. 2010

Journal of Phycology

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“…ABA has been found in many green microalgae (e.g. Dunaliella salina and Haematococcus pluvialis) (Tietz and Kasprik, 1986;Hirch et al, 1989;Tietz et al, 1989;Tominaga et al, 1993;Kobayashi et al, 1997), in the thalli of brown macrophytes from the genus Ascophyllum (Hirch et al, 1989) and in some species of Laminaria (Nimura and Mizuta, 2002). On the other hand, BRs, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brassinosteroid enhanced the level of abscisic acid in Chlorella vulgaris subjected to short-term heat stress

Bajguz

2009

Journal of Plant Physiology

108

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“…The statem ent that ABA is entirely absent in algae [5] has been challenged recently with the de velopment of more sophisticated methods, be cause ABA was found in green algae [6][7][8] as well as in cyanobacteria [7,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Production of Abscisic Acid by Soil Algae under Salt, Acid or Drought Stress

Maršálek

Zahradníčková²,

Hronková

1992

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung C

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The com m on soil green algae Chlorella vulgaris and Stichococcus hacillaris increase extra cellular abscisic acid (A BA) production under salt, acid or drought stress 5 -1 0 times. Produc tion o f A BA also increases from young to senescent cultures 2 -3 times.The relationship between age o f cultures and reaction to stress factors was found. Extra cellular A BA levels are 1 -2 times higher than cellular ones.Possible influence o f ABA to soil microbial associations, growth o f plants and soil fauna is discussed from an ecological point o f view.

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Identification of Abscisic Acid in a Green Alga

Cited by 31 publications

References 9 publications

ENDOGENOUS CYTOKININS, AUXINS, AND ABSCISIC ACID IN RED ALGAE FROM BRAZIL¹

ENDOGENOUS CYTOKININS, AUXINS, AND ABSCISIC ACID IN RED ALGAE FROM BRAZIL¹

Brassinosteroid enhanced the level of abscisic acid in Chlorella vulgaris subjected to short-term heat stress

Extracellular Production of Abscisic Acid by Soil Algae under Salt, Acid or Drought Stress

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Identification of Abscisic Acid in a Green Alga

Cited by 31 publications

References 9 publications

ENDOGENOUS CYTOKININS, AUXINS, AND ABSCISIC ACID IN RED ALGAE FROM BRAZIL1

ENDOGENOUS CYTOKININS, AUXINS, AND ABSCISIC ACID IN RED ALGAE FROM BRAZIL1

Brassinosteroid enhanced the level of abscisic acid in Chlorella vulgaris subjected to short-term heat stress

Extracellular Production of Abscisic Acid by Soil Algae under Salt, Acid or Drought Stress

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Product

Resources

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ENDOGENOUS CYTOKININS, AUXINS, AND ABSCISIC ACID IN RED ALGAE FROM BRAZIL¹

ENDOGENOUS CYTOKININS, AUXINS, AND ABSCISIC ACID IN RED ALGAE FROM BRAZIL¹