Identification of accident-prone sections in roadways with incomplete and uncertain inspection-based information: A distributed hazard index based on evidential reasoning approach

Development and application of a multiple-attribute decision-analysis methodology for site selection of floating offshore wind farms on the UK Continental Shelf

“…The degree of belief can be described as the degree of expectation that an alternative will yield an anticipated outcome on a particular criterion. An individual's degree of belief depends on the knowledge of the subject and the experience (Wang, et al, 1995) (Yang & Xu, 2002) (Sadeghi, et al, 2018). The ER approach has been developed particularly for MADA problems with both qualitative and quantitative criteria under uncertainties utilises individuals' knowledge, expertise, and experience in the forms of belief functions.…”

“…This hierarchy groups certain criteria under one general criterion. This allows for a smaller number of criteria to be aggregated gradually to reduce the calculation complexity of the decision-making algorithm (Yang, 2001) (Yang & Xu, 2002) (Wang, et al, 1995) (Sadeghi, et al, 2018). This step corresponds to Step 2b in Figure 3.…”

“…where, mH,i is the remaining probability mass unassigned to any individual grade after all grades have been considered (Yang & Xu, 2002) (Sadeghi, et al, 2018) (Li & Liao, 2007).…”

New uncertainty modelling for cargo stowage plans of general cargo ships

“…The ER approach is based on the D-S theory in which a belief function is employed to measure the uncertain and unknown issue. The ER algorithms have been continuously developed and improved, the one by Yang and Singh (1994) can effectively deal with both qualitative and quantitative information under uncertainty and hence has been widely applied to solve multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) problems, such as navigational risk assessment (Zhang et al, 2016); financial investment (Gao and Xu, 2018); identification of accident-prone sections (Sadeghi et al, 2018); human reliability (Xi et al, 2018) and handling ships (Wu et al, 2018). Furthermore, the ER algorithm has been improved by Yang and Xu (2002) to aggregate all output from grades of each criteria to generate a rational conclusion.…”

Development of an Algorithm to Convert Linear Belief Function inputs to Exponential Conditional Probability Functions for Multiple Method Applications

“…The site with the greatest value is the most suited for FOW implementation. The utility ranking method is to be outlined here but for further information regarding the application of the ER algorithm can be found at the following references (Yang, 2001) (Yang & Xu, 2002) (Wang, et al, 1995) (Sadeghi, et al, 2018). Suppose the utility of an evaluation grade, Hn, is denoted by u(Hn).…”