Identification of Adulterated Evening Primrose Oil Based on GC‐MS and FT‐IR Combined with Chemometrics

Abstract

Evening primrose oil has a high market value due to its rich unsaturated fatty acids, so it is likely to be adulterated under the drive of economic interests. In this study, evening primrose oil's fatty acid and physicochemical properties are systematically determined, and the characteristic fatty acids are screened out. The feasibilities of GC‐MS and FT‐IR in identifying oil adulteration are also evaluated. Evening primrose oil's major fatty acids are linoleic acid (C18:2), γ‐linolenic acid (C18:3n6), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and stearic acid (C18:0). In addition, palmitoleic acid (C16:1), hexadecadienoic acid (C16:2), nonadecanoic acid (C19:0), eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3), erucic acid (C22:1), tricosanoic acid (C23:0) and lignoceric acid (C24:0) are rarely detected in other related studies on the evening primrose oil. This study uses fatty acids as indicators, hierarchical cluster analysis, and cosine similarity analysis to identify the evening primrose oil mixed with >5% peanut oil and >10% sunflower oil. Besides, the principal component analysis also distinguishes evening primrose oil blended with different proportions of peanut and sunflower oils. In summary, this study confirms that fatty acids can be characteristic indexes to identify adulterated evening primrose oil by GC‐MS and FT‐IR combined with chemometrics. Practical Applications: This study further clarifies the major and characteristic fatty acids of evening primrose oil. On this basis, the adulteration of evening primrose oil (taking peanut oil and sunflower oil as an example) is identified. Therefore, it is helpful to assess the quality and identify the authenticity of the evening primrose oil, which is vital for the stability of the evening primrose oil market and the interests of consumers. These methods combined with chemometrics can also be extended to ensure the certification of other oils and to classify oils into different classes. The improvements in vegetable oil quality will also benefit the vegetable oil industry and control bodies.

Evening primrose oil: a comprehensive review of its bioactives, extraction, analysis, oil quality, therapeutic merits, and safety

“…It is noteworthy to find that GC-MS and FT-IR coupled with chemometrics successfully utilized fatty acids as indicators to identify EPO blended with other vegetable oils, including >5% peanut oil and >10% sunflower oil, based on principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). 77 However, several minor lipid components may exist in EPO such as sterols and tocopherols, which may have an impact on the quality. 9 Nevertheless, factors such as oxidative stability, unsaponifiable, hydroperoxides, and free acid levels imply significant signs of quality.…”

“…It is noteworthy to find that GC-MS and FT-IR coupled with chemometrics successfully utilized fatty acids as indicators to identify EPO blended with other vegetable oils, including >5% peanut oil and >10% sunflower oil, based on principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). 77…”

Effect of the Bleaching Process on Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile of Raw Hemp Seed Oil (Cannabis sativa)

“…Among PUFAs, we distinguish omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Oils characterized by a high percentage of PUFAs are flaxseed oil [ 13 ], evening primrose oil [ 14 ], camelina oil [ 15 ], hemp oil [ 16 ], pumpkin seed oil [ 17 , 18 , 19 ], black cumin oil [ 20 ], grape seed oil [ 21 ] and prune seed oil [ 22 ]. Each of these oils is characterized by different percentages of omega-6 and omega-3, and studies show that a high ratio of omega-6 acids prevents further conversion of omega-3 acids [ 23 ].…”