Identification of an Atypical Strain of<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>as the Cause of a Waterborne Outbreak of Toxoplasmosis in Santa Isabel do Ivai, Brazil

Vaudaux, Jean D.; Muccioli, Cristina; James, E.; Silveira, Cássio; Magargal, Spencer L.; Jung, Calvin; Dubey, J. P.; Jones, Jeffrey L.; Doymaz, Mehmet Ziya; Bruckner, David A.; Belfort, Rubens; Holland, Gary N.; Grigg, Michael E.

doi:10.1086/656397

Cited by 95 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, these Malaysian pregnant women had no contacts with cats (their own or stray cats), soils or did not lives on a farm. Meanwhile, many studies are being conducted on waterborne toxoplasmosis in recent years [38][39][40][41], highlighting the possibility of T. gondii transmission by the usage of oocysts contaminated water, especially for drinking purpose, but these reports contradict our finding on high Toxoplasma seropositivity in Malaysian pregnant women drinking treated water. There could be other confounding factors leading to the findings in this study and there is a need for further investigations.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 93%

Comparative study on Toxoplasma infection between Malaysian and Myanmar pregnant women

Andiappan

Nissapatorn

Sawangjaroen

et al. 2014

Parasites & Vectors

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 93%

Comparative study on Toxoplasma infection between Malaysian and Myanmar pregnant women

Andiappan

Nissapatorn

Sawangjaroen

et al. 2014

Parasites & Vectors

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“…Recently, attention has been focused on the genetic variability among T. gondii isolates from apparently healthy and sick hosts (Howe et al, 1997;Grigg and Sundar, 2009). Severe cases of toxoplasmosis have been reported in immunocompetent patients in association with atypical T. gondii genotypes (Ajzenberg et al, 2004;Demar et al, 2007;Elbez-Rubinstein et al, 2009;Grigg and Sundar, 2009;Vaudaux et al, 2010;Wendte et al, 2010).…”

Section: Genetic Diversity and Epidemiological Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii in wildlife from North America revealed widespread and high prevalence of the fourth clonal type

Dubey

Velmurugan

Rajendran

et al. 2011

International Journal for Parasitology

162

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a b s t r a c tLittle is known of the genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii circulating in wildlife. In the present study wild animals, from the USA were examined for T. gondii infection. Tissues of naturally exposed animals were bioassayed in mice for isolation of viable parasites. Viable T. gondii was isolated from 31 animals including, to our knowledge for the first time, from a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), five gray wolves (Canis lupus), a woodrat (Neotoma micropus), and five Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). Additionally, 66 T. gondii isolates obtained previously, but not genetically characterised, were revived in mice. Toxoplasma gondii DNA isolated from these 97 samples (31 + 66) was characterised using 11 PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers (SAG1, 5 0 -and 3 0 -SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico). A total of 95 isolates were successfully genotyped. In addition to clonal Types II, and III, 12 different genotypes were found. These genotype data were combined with 74 T. gondii isolates previously characterised from wildlife from North America and a composite data set of 169 isolates comprised 22 genotypes, including clonal Types II, III and 20 atypical genotypes. Phylogenetic network analysis showed limited diversity with dominance of a recently designated fourth clonal type (Type 12) in North America, followed by the Type II and III lineages. These three major lineages together accounted for 85% of strains in North America. The Type 12 lineage includes previously identified Type A and X strains from sea otters. This study revealed that the Type 12 lineage accounts for 46.7% (79/169) of isolates and is dominant in wildlife of North America. No clonal Type I strain was identified among these wildlife isolates. These results suggest that T. gondii strains in wildlife from North America have limited diversity, with the occurrence of only a few major clonal types. Ó

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“…Lineages are classified as type I, known for its high virulence in mice, type II, responsible for the majority of human infections in Europe and North America, and type III, an avirulent lineage uncommon in humans (33,34). While infection in immunocompetent individuals is usually asymptomatic, recent epidemiological studies of T. gondii outbreaks in different regions have identified outlier strains to the traditional classification (35). These "atypical" strains can cause severe symptoms, including fever, headaches, vomiting, and malaise in healthy individuals (28).…”

Section: Virulence In Mice Associated With Different T Gondii Strainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Relationships: the Complicated Interplay between the Host and the Developmental Stages of Toxoplasma gondii during Acute and Chronic Infections

Pittman

Knoll

2015

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

102

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SUMMARYToxoplasma gondiirepresents one of the most common parasitic infections in the world. The asexual cycle can occur within any warm-blooded animal, but the sexual cycle is restricted to the feline intestinal epithelium.T. gondiiis acquired through consumption of tissue cysts in undercooked meat as well as food and water contaminated with oocysts. Once ingested, it differentiates into a rapidly replicating asexual form and disseminates throughout the body during acute infection. After stimulation of the host immune response,T. gondiidifferentiates into a slow-growing, asexual cyst form that is the hallmark of chronic infection. One-third of the human population is chronically infected withT. gondiicysts, which can reactivate and are especially dangerous to individuals with reduced immune surveillance. Serious complications can also occur in healthy individuals if infected with certainT. gondiistrains or if infection is acquired congenitally. No drugs are available to clear the cyst form during the chronic stages of infection. This therapeutic gap is due in part to an incomplete understanding of both host and pathogen responses during the progression ofT. gondiiinfection. While many individual aspects ofT. gondiiinfection are well understood, viewing the interconnections between host and parasite during acute and chronic infection may lead to better approaches for future treatment. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of what is known and unknown about the complex relationship between the host and parasite during the progression ofT. gondiiinfection, with the ultimate goal of bridging these events.

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Identification of an Atypical Strain ofToxoplasma gondiias the Cause of a Waterborne Outbreak of Toxoplasmosis in Santa Isabel do Ivai, Brazil

Cited by 95 publications

References 22 publications

Comparative study on Toxoplasma infection between Malaysian and Myanmar pregnant women

Comparative study on Toxoplasma infection between Malaysian and Myanmar pregnant women

Genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii in wildlife from North America revealed widespread and high prevalence of the fourth clonal type

Long-Term Relationships: the Complicated Interplay between the Host and the Developmental Stages of Toxoplasma gondii during Acute and Chronic Infections

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