Identification of Antibacterial Components in the Methanol-Phase Extract from Edible Herbaceous Plant Rumex madaio Makino and Their Antibacterial Action Modes

Abstract

Outbreaks and prevalence of infectious diseases worldwide are some of the major contributors to morbidity and morbidity in humans. Pharmacophageous plants are the best source for searching antibacterial compounds with low toxicity to humans. In this study, we identified, for the first time, antibacterial components and action modes of methanol-phase extract from such one edible herbaceous plant Rumex madaio Makino. The bacteriostatic rate of the extract was 75% against 23 species of common pathogenic bacteria. The extract was further purified using the preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC) technique, and five separated componential complexes (CC) were obtained. Among these, the CC 1 significantly increased cell surface hydrophobicity and membrane permeability and decreased membrane fluidity, which damaged cell structure integrity of Gram-positive and -negative pathogens tested. A total of 58 different compounds in the extract were identified using ultra-HPLC and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) techniques. Comparative transcriptomic analyses revealed a number of differentially expressed genes and various changed metabolic pathways mediated by the CC1 action, such as down-regulated carbohydrate transport and/or utilization and energy metabolism in four pathogenic strains tested. Overall, the results in this study demonstrated that the CC1 from R. madaio Makino are promising candidates for antibacterial medicine and human health care products.

Antibacterial Activity and Components of the Methanol-Phase Extract from Rhizomes of Pharmacophagous Plant Alpinia officinarum Hance

“…For the Gram-negative bacterium V. parahaemolyticus ATCC17802, 1 MIC treatment for only 1 h significantly increased the bacterial CIM permeability by 1.21-fold (p < 0.05) (Figure 3E). The effects of antibacterial components on bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity, membrane fluidity and permeability were also observed for the methanol-phase extract from the edible herbaceous plant Rumex madaio Makino in our recent research [14].…”

“…The influence of the GMPE on the cell morphological architecture of S. aureus ATCC8095, A. hydrophila, E. sakazakii CMCC45401, V. metschnikovii ATCC700040 and V. parahaemolyticus ATCC17802 was further investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis (Figure 4A-E). The effects of antibacterial components on bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity, membrane fluidity and permeability were also observed for the methanol-phase extract from the edible herbaceous plant Rumex madaio Makino in our recent research [14].…”

“…A quantity of 1000 g of dried rhizomes samples of A. officinarum Hance were collected from the Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, China in April 2021. Bioactive ingredients of the samples were extracted using the CME method as previously described [14,38] with minor modification. Briefly, the dried rhizome samples of A. officinarum Hance were crushed using an FW-135 highspeed crusher (Beijing Kangtuo Medical Instruments Co., Ltd., Beijing, China).…”

“…5, 6 mm diameter) on M-H agar plates. A gentamicin disc (10 µg, OXOID, Basingstoke, UK) was used as a positive control, while the methanol-phase, with sterile ultrapure water and chloroform-phase with ethanol, was used as a negative control [14]. The plates were incubated at 37 • C for 16-18 h. All experiments were performed independently in triplicate.…”

“…The plates were incubated at 37 • C for 16-18 h. All experiments were performed independently in triplicate. The diameters of the bacteriostatic circles were measured and calculated [14]. The antibacterial activity of the disc diffusion method was defined where the DIZ values were significantly different from negative controls.…”