Identification of atmospheric particulate sources in Washington, D.C. using chemical element balances

Kowalczyk, Gregory S.; Gordon, Glen E.; Rheingrover, Scott W.

doi:10.1021/es00096a005

Cited by 203 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…3a). The V/Ni ratio of 5.25 is comparable to that found in a study that sourced the metals directly to power plant emissions in the U.S. (Kowalczyk et al, 1982). The maximum V and Ni values coincided with a large SO 2 plume (97.6 ppb; Fig.…”

Section: Industrysupporting

confidence: 81%

Aerosol composition and source apportionment in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area with PIXE/PESA/STIM and multivariate analysis

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Aerosols play an important role in the atmosphere but are poorly characterized, particularly in urban areas like the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). The chemical composition of urban particles must be known to assess their effects on the environment, and specific particulate emissions sources should be identified to establish effective pollution control standards. For these reasons, samples of particulate matter ≤2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) were collected during the MCMA-2003 Field Campaign for elemental and multivariate analyses. Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), ProtonElastic Scattering Analysis (PESA) and Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy (STIM) measurements were done to determine concentrations of 19 elements from Na to Pb, hydrogen, and total mass, respectively. The most abundant elements from PIXE analysis were S, Si, K, Fe, Ca, and Al, while the major emissions sources associated with these elements were industry, wind-blown soil, and biomass burning. Wind trajectories suggest that metals associated with industrial emissions came from northern areas of the city whereas soil aerosols came from the southwest and increased in concentration during dry conditions. Elemental markers for fuel oil combustion, V and Ni, correlated with a large SO 2 plume to suggest an anthropogenic, rather than volcanic, emissions source. By subtracting major components of soil and sulfates determined by PIXE analysis from STIM total mass measurements, we estimate that approximately 50% of nonvolatile PM 2.5 consisted of carbonaceous material.

show abstract

Section: Industrysupporting

confidence: 81%

Aerosol composition and source apportionment in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area with PIXE/PESA/STIM and multivariate analysis

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The fifth factor identified by PMF is distinguished by high concentrations of Ni and V, which are well-known indicators for residual oil combustion (Kowalczyk et al, 1982;Chow and Watson, 2002). Hong Kong has one of the world's busiest container terminals located in Kwai Chung, meanwhile HKUST AQRS is on the shorefront facing the Port Shelter and Sai Kung.…”

Section: Pm 25 Source Apportionmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of PM2.5 Major Components and Source Investigation in Suburban Hong Kong: A One Year Monitoring Study

Huang

Bian

et al. 2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

163

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

PM 2.5 filter sampling was conducted on a daily basis at the HKUST Air Quality Research Supersite (AQRS) for one year from March 2011 to February 2012. Approximately one fifth of the filter samples were subjected to full chemical analysis including major ions, elements, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and non-polar organic compounds (NPOCs). The major ions (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) were compared with those measured online by a MARGA system and the two sets of data were found in agreement within 25% or better. The major PM 2.5 components (crustal materials, organic matter, soot, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and non-crustal trace elements) accounted for 90% of the measured mass with sulfate being the most abundant (32.0%), followed by organic matter (23.5%) and ammonium (11.8%). The monthly variation patterns for different components suggested variable regional/super-regional sources, reflecting variation of transport contribution caused by shifts in synoptic weather conditions.Receptor modeling analysis by Positive Matrix Factorization revealed that secondary sulfate formation process (annual average of 31%), biomass burning (23%), and secondary nitrate formation process (13%) were the three dominant contributing sources to the observed PM 2.5 at HKUST AQRS throughout the sampling year. The PM 2.5 mass concentrations of all the individual sampling days were within the recently-proposed AQOs standards by the Hong Kong government (35 µg/m 3 for annual average and 75 µg/m 3 for 24-hr average) while approx. 52% of the sampling days were recorded with PM 2.5 concentrations exceeding the WHO health 24-hr standards of 25 µg/m 3 . Major composition and source analysis showed that the increased mass concentrations on high PM days were mainly caused by air pollutant transport from the outside-Hong Kong regions. Results from this study indicate the importance of regional/super-regional strategies such as reduction in SO 2 , NO 2 (precursors for secondary inorganic aerosols) and restricting biomass burning for lowering PM 2.5 in Hong Kong.

show abstract

“…Thus, the second factor can be identified as road dusts. Factor KF3 explained 13.38% of the variance and was highly loaded with Pb, Ni, amd K, which are markers for biomass burning, heavy oil combustion (Kowalczyk et al, 1982;Harrison et al, 1996), and waste incinerator. The high concentrations of Pb were contributed mainly form heavy vessels which were always heavily deuse around Xiamen Bay.…”

Section: Source Apportionment Of Pm 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles in Kinmen-Xiamen Airshed

Chen

Yuan

et al. 2013

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical properties of atmospheric particles sampled in the KinmenXiamen Airshed located on the west bank of the Taiwan Strait. Seven particulate matter (PM) sampling sites in the KinmenXiamen Airshed, including three sites at Kinmen Island and four in urban Xiamen, were selected for this particular study. Regular sampling was conducted to collect PM 10 with high-volume samplers twice a month from March 2008, while intensive sampling was conducted to collect PM 2.5 and PM 2.5-10 with dichotomous samplers and PM 10 with high-volume samplers in the spring and winter of [2008][2009]. After sampling, the metallic contents of PM 10 were analyzed with an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). Ionic species and carbonaceous contents of PM 10 were analyzed with an ion chromatograph (IC) and elemental analyzer (EA), respectively. Finally, the source identification and apportionment of PM were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and receptor modeling (CMB), respectively. The results from PM 10 sampling indicated that atmospheric aerosol particles had a tendency to accumulate in Xiamen Bay all year round, particularly in spring and winter. The five sampling sites at the center of Xiamen Bay had relatively higher PM 10 concentrations than the two sampling sites outside Xiamen Bay, suggesting that local emissions from Xiamen Bay were more significant than emissions transported over a long distance by the Northeastern Monsoon. The phenomenon of superimposition was regularly observed during air pollution episodes at Xiamen Bay. Moreover, the results of chemical analysis showed that the main chemical components of the PM were SO 4 2-, NO 3 -, NH 4 + , OC, and EC and crustal elements (Ca, Mg, Fe, and Al) in the aerosol particles in the Kinmen-Xiamen Airshed. The neutralization ratios (NR) of PM were generally smaller than unity, indicating that the atmospheric particulates were mostly acidic. The averaged sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) ranged from 0.20 to 0.51, and the nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) ranged from 0.10 to 0.41 for all seasons. The ratios of sulfur and nitrogen oxidation were generally higher than 0.25 and 0.10, respectively, suggesting that secondary sulfate and nitrate aerosols came mainly from across-boundary transportation and could be further accumulated in the Kinmen-Xiamen Airshed. The results from CMB receptor modeling showed that the major sources of atmospheric PM 10 in the Kinmen-Xiamen Airshed were soil dusts, secondary aerosols, the petroleum industry, motor vehicle exhausts, the iron and steel industry, the cement industry, diesel vehicle exhausts, marine aerosols, and biomass burning.

show abstract

Identification of atmospheric particulate sources in Washington, D.C. using chemical element balances

Cited by 203 publications

References 22 publications

Aerosol composition and source apportionment in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area with PIXE/PESA/STIM and multivariate analysis

Aerosol composition and source apportionment in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area with PIXE/PESA/STIM and multivariate analysis

Characterization of PM2.5 Major Components and Source Investigation in Suburban Hong Kong: A One Year Monitoring Study

Physicochemical Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles in Kinmen-Xiamen Airshed

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About