A Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate (PF-1) resistant to carbapenems was recovered during an environmental survey performed with water from the Seine River (Paris). It expressed a novel Ambler class A carbapenemase, BIC-1, sharing 68 and 59% amino acid identities with -lactamases SFC-1 from Serratia fonticola and the plasmid-encoded KPC-2, respectively. -Lactamase BIC-1 hydrolyzed penicillins, carbapenems, and cephalosporins except ceftazidime and monobactams. The bla BIC-1 gene was chromosomally located and was also identified in two other P. fluorescens strains isolated from the Seine River 3 months later.Pseudomonas fluorescens is a psychrotrophic bacterium that expresses a chromosomally encoded and inducible Ambler class C -lactamase (10, 15). Carbapenemases (serine-or metallo--lactamases) remain the most common mechanism of resistance to carbapenems in Gram-negative organisms (22,23). To date, most acquired metallo--lactamase (MBL)-encoding genes (bla IMP or bla VIM variants) have been reported from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and very rarely from P. fluorescens (8, 12). Class A carbapenemases are either chromosome encoded or plasmid encoded and remain rarely identified in Gram-negative organisms. Indeed, several class A carbapenemases are chromosomally encoded (NMC-A, SFC-1, SME-1 to -3, IMI-1), with the exception of the emerging KPC -lactamases, which are plasmid encoded (24). The chromosomal location of the bla SFC-1 gene could be the result of a horizontal gene transfer into an environmental Serratia fonticola isolate (5). The bla SME genes from Serratia marcescens are presumed to be chromosomal. Genes encoding NMC-A and IMI -lactamases have been found sporadically, either in clinical or in environmental isolates of Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter asburiae from rivers (2). The bla NMC-A gene was found chromosomally located in several clinical isolates. The bla IMI-1 gene was chromosomally located, whereas the bla IMI-2 genes were identified on plasmids. The imiR-imi-2 gene tandem in E. cloacae and E. asburiae appeared to be flanked by transposable elements (2). Class A carbapenemases such as GES-2, GES-5, and KPC-2 have been recently reported from P. aeruginosa (16) but not from other Pseudomonas species.Here, we characterize a novel class A carbapenemase identified from a P. fluorescens environmental isolate. This identification occurred during a survey aimed to study the spread of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms in the environment.
MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strains and plasmids. P. fluorescens isolate PF-1 was recovered from a water sample from the Seine River in downtown Paris. Water samples (100 ml) were collected in sterile bottles in January 2009 and filtered through nitrocellulose membranes (0.45-m pore size; Millipore), and the filters were resuspended in 1 ml of sterile water. Aliquots (0.1 ml) were plated on MacConkey agar plates supplemented with imipenem (1 g/ml), whereas 10-fold dilutions (0.1 ml) were plated on antibiotic-free MacConkey agar plates for bacterial count...