Identification of Carriers Among Individuals Recruited in the Typhoid Registry in Malaysia Using Stool Culture, Polymerase Chain Reaction, and Dot Enzyme Immunoassay as Detection Tools

Chua, Ang Lim; Balaram, Prabha; Bhuvanendran, Saatheeyavaane; Anthony, Amy Amilda; Mohmad, Siti Norazura; Nasir, N. Mounir; Hassan, Haslizai; Naim, Rochman; Meran, Lila P.; Hussin, Hani Mat; Ismail, Asma

doi:10.1177/1010539512458521

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The majority of cases are caused by Salmonella Typhi, followed by Salmonella Paratyphi A. The disease is transmitted via consumption of food and water contaminated by individuals who are carriers of the bacteria [2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a carrier is defined as a person who has fully recovered but continues the fecal excretion of S. Typhi intermittently for up to a year thereafter [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleic Acid-Based Lateral Flow Biosensor for Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi: A Detection in Stool Samples of Suspected Carriers

et al. 2021

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A multiplex rapid detection system, based on a PCR-lateral flow biosensor (mPCR-LFB) was developed to identify Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A from suspected carriers. The lower detection limit for S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A was 0.16 and 0.08 ng DNA equivalent to 10 and 102 CFU/mL, respectively. Lateral flow biosensor was used for visual detection of mPCR amplicons (stgA, SPAint, ompC, internal amplification control) by labeling forward primers with fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC), Texas Red, dinitrophenol (DNP) and digoxigenin (DIG) and reverse primers with biotin. Binding of streptavidin-colloidal gold conjugate with the amplicons resulted in formation of a red color dots on the strip after 15–20 min of sample exposure. The nucleic acid lateral flow analysis of the mPCR-LFB was better in sensitivity and more rapid than the conventional agarose gel electrophoresis. Moreover, the mPCR-LFB showed 100% sensitivity and specificity when evaluated with stools spiked with 100 isolates of Salmonella genus and other bacteria. A prospective cohort study on stool samples of 1176 food handlers in outbreak areas (suspected carriers) resulted in 23 (2%) positive for S. Typhi. The developed assay has potential to be used for rapid detection of typhoid carriers in surveillance program.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleic Acid-Based Lateral Flow Biosensor for Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi: A Detection in Stool Samples of Suspected Carriers

et al. 2021

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“…2,3 Poor personal hygiene and regular hand contact with raw food, feces, nose, skin, or genital region all result in hands being heavily contaminated with enteric pathogens. 2,4 In addition, mishandling and unhygienic practices during food preparation enable pathogens to contaminate food, resulting in illness to consumers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microorganisms as an Indicator of Hygiene Status Among Migrant Food Handlers in Peninsular Malaysia

Woh

Thong

Lim

et al. 2017

Asia Pac J Public Health

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This study used microbial indicators to assess the hygiene status of 383 migrant food handlers from 3 urban cities in Peninsular Malaysia. Microbiological analysis revealed that all the hand swabs tested 99.5% positive for aerobic plate counts (mean [M] ± standard deviation [SD] = 3.57 ± 0.83 logCFU [colony forming unit]), 20.8% positive for total coliform/ Escherichia coli (M ± SD = 0.30 ± 0.67 logCFU), and 63.4% positive for Staphylococcus aureus (M ± SD = 1.38 ± 1.26 logCFU). In addition, aerobic plate counts and Staphylococcus aureus counts exceeded the acceptable standard levels. Bacterial counts were found to be significantly associated with subjects' country of origin ( P = .019) and working responsibilities ( P = .001). Our findings indicate high probability of transmission of pathogenic bacteria from the food handlers' hands to customers during meal preparation and serving. This calls for improvements in personal hygiene and sanitation standards by the relevant health authorities among migrant food handlers.

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Rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fever

Wijedoru

Mallett

Parry

2017

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Background Differentiating both typhoid ( Salmonella Typhi) and paratyphoid ( Salmonella Paratyphi A) infection from other causes of fever in endemic areas is a diagnostic challenge. Although commercial point‐of‐care rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for enteric fever are available as alternatives to the current reference standard test of blood or bone marrow culture, or to the widely used Widal Test, their diagnostic accuracy is unclear. If accurate, they could potentially replace blood culture as the World Health Organization (WHO)‐recommended main diagnostic test for enteric fever. Objectives To assess the diagnostic accuracy of commercially available rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and prototypes for detecting Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi A infection in symptomatic persons living in endemic areas. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index, IndMED, African Index Medicus, LILACS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) up to 4 March 2016. We manually searched WHO reports, and papers from international conferences on Salmonella infections. We also contacted test manufacturers to identify studies. Selection criteria We included diagnostic accuracy studies of enteric fever RDTs in patients with fever or with symptoms suggestive of enteric fever living in endemic areas. We classified the reference standard used as either Grade 1 (result from a blood culture and a bone marrow culture) or Grade 2 (result from blood culture and blood polymerase chain reaction, or from blood culture alone). Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently extracted the test result data. We used a modified QUADAS‐2 extraction form to assess methodological quality. We performed a meta‐analysis when there were sufficient studies for the test and heterogeneity was reasonable. Main results Thirty‐seven studies met the inclusion criteria and included a total of 5080 participants (range 50 to 1732). Enteric fever prevalence rates in the study populations ranged from 1% to 75% (median prevalence 24%, interquartile range (IQR) 11% to 46%). The included studies evaluated 16 different RDTs, and 16 studies compared two or more different RDTs. Only three studies used the Grade 1 reference standard, and only 11 studies recruited unselected febrile patients. Most included studies were from Asia, with five studies from sub‐Saharan Africa. All of the RDTs were designed to detect S. Typhi infection only. Most studies evaluated three RDTs and their variants: TUBEX in 14 studies; Typhidot (Typhidot, Typhidot‐M, and TyphiRapid‐Tr02) in 22 studies; and the Test‐It Typ...

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Identification of Carriers Among Individuals Recruited in the Typhoid Registry in Malaysia Using Stool Culture, Polymerase Chain Reaction, and Dot Enzyme Immunoassay as Detection Tools

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

Nucleic Acid-Based Lateral Flow Biosensor for Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi: A Detection in Stool Samples of Suspected Carriers

Nucleic Acid-Based Lateral Flow Biosensor for Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi: A Detection in Stool Samples of Suspected Carriers

Microorganisms as an Indicator of Hygiene Status Among Migrant Food Handlers in Peninsular Malaysia

Rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fever

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