Identification of Commensal Bacterial Strains That Modulate Yersinia enterocolitica and Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Inflammatory Responses: Implications for the Development of Probiotics

Abstract

An increasing body of evidence suggests that probiotic bacteria are effective in the treatment of enteric infections, although the molecular basis of this activity remains elusive. To identify putative probiotics, we tested commensal bacteria in terms of their toxicity, invasiveness, inhibition of Yersinia-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo, and modulation of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. The commensal bacteria Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides distasonis, and Streptococcus salivarius were screened for adhesion to, invasion of, and toxicity for host epithelial cells (EC), and the strains were tested for their ability to inhibit Y. enterocolitica-induced NF-B activation. Additionally, B. adolescentis was administered to mice orally infected with Y. enterocolitica and to mice with mucosae impaired by DSS treatment. None of the commensal bacteria tested was toxic for or invaded the EC. B. adolescentis, B. distasonis, B. vulgatus, and S. salivarius inhibited the Y. enterocolitica-induced NF-B activation and interleukin-8 production in EC. In line with these findings, B. adolescentis-fed mice had significantly lower results for mean pathogen burden in the visceral organs, intestinal tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA expression, and loss of body weight upon oral infection with Y. enterocolitica. In addition, the administration of B. adolescentis decelerated inflammation upon DSS treatment in mice. We suggest that our approach might help to identify new probiotics to be used for the treatment of inflammatory and infectious gastrointestinal disorders.

Potential Probiotic Kluyveromyces marxianus B0399 Modulates the Immune Response in Caco-2 Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Impacts the Human Gut Microbiota in an In Vitro Colonic Model System

“…In fact, in the presence of costimulation with K. marxianus B0399 and LPS, significant decreases in the concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-␥ and IL-12 and the chemokines IP-10 and IL-8 were demonstrated. In particular, a decreased level of production of IL-8 in response to inflammatory stimuli (LPS, TNF-␣, IL-1␤, and enteropathogenic bacteria) was described previously for a wide array of probiotic bacteria (7,17,25). Indeed, a massive and protracted release of IL-8 by colonocytes, associated with enteropathogenic infections, leads to persistent inflammation and epithelial barrier dysfunction (40).…”

Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases Permits Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Secretion of Bioactive IL-1β via a Caspase-1–Independent Mechanism

“…Induction of DSS colitis was performed according to a published protocol (31). Female C57BL/6 mice, 6-8 wk old with an initial weight of 17.6 6 3.2 g, were housed in groups of five/cage.…”

Safety of ProbioticEscherichia coliStrain Nissle 1917 Depends on Intestinal Microbiota and Adaptive Immunity of the Host

“…Various in vitro and animal studies with probiotics, including Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917, have demonstrated the capacity of probiotics to reduce intestinal inflammation (29,42), to strengthen the intestinal barrier against pathogens (15,46), to increase the host innate immune functions (37), or to prevent adherent and invasive E. coli strains from adhering to and invading human intestinal epithelial cells (9). Indeed, limited clinical trials using E. coli strain Nissle 1917 or other microorganisms have suggested that this therapeutic strat-egy is efficacious in patients with chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) (23,34,35,36), irritable bowel syndrome (32), and NEC (25).…”