Identification of developmentally toxic drinking water disinfection byproducts and evaluation of data relevant to mode of action

Colman, Joan; Rice, Glenn; Wright, J. Michael; Hunter, E. Sidney; Teuschler, Linda K.; Lipscomb, John C.; Hertzberg, Richard C.; Simmons, Jane Ellen; Fransen, Margaret E.; Osier, Mark R; Narotsky, Michael G.

doi:10.1016/j.taap.2011.02.002

Cited by 51 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 122 publications

(406 reference statements)

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“…Epidemiological research demonstrated low but significant associations between disinfected drinking water and adverse health effects (10) including cancer of the bladder (14)(15)(16), colon (17,18) and rectum (19). Some studies report a weak association with adverse pregnancy outcomes and DBPs; yet, the evidence is inconclusive (20)(21)(22)(23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charting a New Path To Resolve the Adverse Health Effects of DBPs

Plewa

Wagner

2015

ACS Symposium Series

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The disinfection of drinking water was an outstanding public health achievement of the 20 th century. Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are the unintended consequence of reactions between disinfectants with organic and halide precursors in the source water. Exposure to DBPs is associated with unfavorable health effects from cancer induction to adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet the forcing agents responsible are largely unknown. Of over 600 DBPs identified, only 11 are regulated by the U.S. EPA and in many studies these are not the most toxic DBPs. Identified DBPs represent less than half of the total organic halogen in drinking water and onlỹ 80 DBPs have been evaluated by systematic quantitative toxicological analyses. Epidemiological studies are hampered by problems with exposure metrics and the suite of DBPs present in drinking water. Although the last decade experienced increased interdisciplinary collaborations amongst chemists, biologists, epidemiologists and engineers, resolving the risks of DBPs follows a dated paradigm. A new integrated approach is required to determine the contaminants in source and drinking waters that increase health risks and to provide the foundation for novel disinfection practices. We suggest the following areas in resolving adverse health effects of DBPs: 1) identification and occurrence of emerging DBPs especially iodinated-DBPs and nitrogenous-DBPs, 2) quantitative, comparative in vitro Recent Advances in Disinfection By-Products Downloaded from pubs.acs.org by 117.54.10.54 on 09/30/15. For personal use only.toxicology of DBPs and DBP classes, 3) a nationwide analysis on the toxicity of drinking waters, 4) determining the impact of DBP precursors and mixture effects on water toxicity, 5) understanding the molecular mechanisms of DBP toxicity, 6) identification of sensitive subpopulations to DBP toxicity, 7) employment of analytical chemistry and toxicity information as an essential part of epidemiological studies, and 8) engineering research on disinfection based on toxic outcomes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charting a New Path To Resolve the Adverse Health Effects of DBPs

Plewa

Wagner

2015

ACS Symposium Series

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“…Epidemiologic studies have reported associations between THM exposure and bladder cancer (Villanueva et al 2004, 2007). There is compelling evidence of associations between THM exposure and preterm delivery and small for gestational age/intrauterine growth restriction, but evidence for other reproductive/developmental outcomes remains inconsistent (Colman et al 2011; Nieuwenhuijsen et al 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of Blood Trihalomethane Concentrations in NHANES 1999–2006

Riederer

Dhingra

Blount

et al. 2014

Environ Health Perspect

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Background: Trihalomethanes (THMs) are water disinfection by-products that have been associated with bladder cancer and adverse birth outcomes. Four THMs (bromoform, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane) were measured in blood and tap water of U.S. adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2006. THMs are metabolized to potentially toxic/mutagenic intermediates by cytochrome p450 (CYP) 2D6 and CYP2E1 enzymes.Objectives: We conducted exploratory analyses of blood THMs, including factors affecting CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 activity.Methods: We used weighted multivariable regressions to evaluate associations between blood THMs and water concentrations, survey year, and other factors potentially affecting THM exposure or metabolism (e.g., prescription medications, cruciferous vegetables, diabetes, fasting, pregnancy, swimming).Results: From 1999 to 2006, geometric mean blood and water THM levels dropped in parallel, with decreases of 32%–76% in blood and 38%–52% in water, likely resulting, in part, from the lowering of the total THM drinking water standard in 2002–2004. The strongest predictors of blood THM levels were survey year and water concentration (n = 4,232 total THM; n = 4,080 bromoform; n = 4,582 chloroform; n = 4,374 bromodichloromethane; n = 4,464 dibromochloromethane). We detected statistically significant inverse associations with diabetes and eating cruciferous vegetables in all but the bromoform model. Medications did not consistently predict blood levels. Afternoon/evening blood samples had lower THM concentrations than morning samples. In a subsample (n = 230), air chloroform better predicted blood chloroform than water chloroform, suggesting showering/bathing was a more important source than drinking.Conclusions: We identified several factors associated with blood THMs that may affect their metabolism. The potential health implications require further study.Citation: Riederer AM, Dhingra R, Blount BC, Steenland K. 2014. Predictors of blood trihalomethane concentrations in NHANES 1999–2006. Environ Health Perspect 122:695–702; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306499

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“…Elucidating the potential impact of exposure to brominated THMs remains a key research need because they are more potent toxicants than TCM. 21,22 In this study, previous analyses from 1995 to 1998 15 have been extended to 1996 to 2004 to examine associations between exposure to individual and summary measures of THMs and HAAs with birth weight (BWT), SGA, and PTD. This large data set allowed for an assessment of low and unexposed reference groups and also provided sufficient exposure gradients to examine the brominated THMs.…”

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confidence: 99%