Identification of Dyes on Ancient Chinese Paper Samples Using the Subtracted Shifted Raman Spectroscopy Method

Abstract

The Stein Collection in the British Library contains the Diamond Sutra, the world's oldest, dated, printed document. The paper of the Diamond Sutra and other documents from the Stein collection is believed to be dyed yellow by a natural extract, called huangbo, from the bark of Phellodendron amurense, which contains three major yellow chromophores: berberine, palmatine, and jatrorrhizine. Conservation of these documents requires definite information on the chemical composition of the dyes but no suitable, completely noninvasive analytical method is known. Here we report resonance Raman studies of a series of pure dyes, of plant materials and extracts, and of dyed ancient and modern paper samples. Resonance Raman spectroscopy is used to enhance the spectra of the dyes over the signals from the paper matrixes in which they are held. The samples all give resonance Raman spectra which are dominated by intense fluorescence, but by using SSRS (subtracted shifted Raman spectroscopy) we have obtained reliable spectra of the pure dyes, native bark from the Phellodendron amurense, modern paper dyed with huangbo extracted from this bark, and ancient paper samples. For both ancient paper samples whose pigment bands were detected, the relative intensities of the bands due to berberine and palmatine suggest that the ancient paper is richer in berberine than its modern counterpart. This is the first nondestructive in situ method for detection of these pigments in manuscripts, and as such has considerable potential benefit for the treatment of irreplaceable documents that are believed to be dyed with huangbo but documents on which conservation work cannot proceed without definite identification of the chemical compounds that they contain.

Effect of photobleaching on calibration model development in biological Raman spectroscopy

“…Although this assumption holds good for experiments on tissue samples where exposure times are limited by other constraints, this may not always be the case. As has been pointed out by Bell, Bourguignon, and Dennis, 23,37 and O'Grady et al, 38 there are many situations where it is observed that the random but fixed variations in pixel-to-pixel response on the CCD might actually be more dominant than shot noise. This is especially true when high signal levels can be achieved and exposure times can be increased without any significant downside (such as when chemical mixtures and powder samples are tested).…”

Fluorescence and Raman spectra on painting materials: reconstruction of spectra with mathematical methods

“…The theoretical laser shift is provided by moving the diffraction grating position. 8 Errors resulting from the approximate approach are further corrected in the reconstruction algorithm. 9…”

Raman Microscopy Techniques for the Characterisation of Pigments

“…Chinese manuscripts Bell et al 2000), a c.13th Century Qur'an (Clark & Huxley 1996) knowledge of which will be used to govern conservation treatments (Chaplin et al 2006). …”